21 research outputs found
Π ΡΡ. Π΄ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ (ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²)
The article considers the word duboglot, which functions in the Russian dialects (mainly South Russian) in the meanings of βstrong dry cough, usually accompanied by a sore throat,β βangina.β Semantic and motivational reconstruction of this word is carried out based on its role in the text. The authors conclude that the word got into the dialect system from the folklore (mainly from the charms), where it refers to diseases related to inflammation of the oral cavity, pharynx and lower respiratory tract, and accompanied by a strong cough, pain. It is established that most often the word appeared in the texts as a part of the formula βX (a tree), take your Y (duboglot), otherwise I will eat you / swallow you,β which is initially addressed to an oak tree as a convenient βrecipientβ of diseases that are expelled from the speakerβs space. The authors suggest that the word duboglot is βinducedβ by the logic of unfolding the text: this is βthe oak glotβ (glot is the ability to swallow β from the Russian verb glotatβ βto swallowβ), which should belong to an oak, not a sick person. The word creation within the framework of a spoken construction is supported by the capabilities that are inherent in the language system. Firstly, it is the image of an oak βmouthβ (throat), which is formed on the basis of the natural properties and features of oak. This image could be fixed in the internal form of the word itself, which is a controversial issue, but it certainly is seen in the stable compatibility of dub βoakβ β duplo βhollowβ, and at the synchronous level is also supported by the phonetic proximity of these words. The image of a tree, secondly, has another facet: the image of roots of a tree and its crown is projected on the idea of the growth of a tumour (including one in the throat); roots and crown of a tree simultaneously seem to be a βtoolβ for clearing the throat. Yet another facet of the image is related to how the native speaker sees the properties of a bark: there is a productive model for the Russian language that fixates the connection between the designations of wood (oak) bark and tumours on the human body (including throat tumours); oak bark itself is generally an βarchetypeβ of a bark, hard, rough, stripped from the surface of a tree (which corresponds to βtearingβ sensations with a sore throat). Β© 2020. All Rights Reserved.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π ΠΠ€ β 20-18-00223 Β«ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ». ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π’. Π. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π‘. Π. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ
Unprocessed Viral DNA Could Be the Primary Target of the HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor Raltegravir
Integration of HIV DNA into host chromosome requires a 3β²-processing (3β²-P) and a strand transfer (ST) reactions catalyzed by virus integrase (IN). Raltegravir (RAL), commonly used in AIDS therapy, belongs to the family of IN ST inhibitors (INSTIs) acting on IN-viral DNA complexes (intasomes). However, studies show that RAL fails to bind IN alone, but nothing has been reported on the behaviour of RAL toward free viral DNA. Here, we assessed whether free viral DNA could be a primary target for RAL, assuming that the DNA molecule is a receptor for a huge number of pharmacological agents. Optical spectroscopy, molecular dynamics and free energy calculations, showed that RAL is a tight binder of both processed and unprocessed LTR (long terminal repeat) ends. Complex formation involved mainly van der Waals forces and was enthalpy driven. Dissociation constants (Kds) revealed that RAL affinity for unbound LTRs was stronger than for bound LTRs. Moreover, Kd value for binding of RAL to LTRs and IC50 value (half concentration for inhibition) were in same range, suggesting that RAL binding to DNA and ST inhibition are correlated events. Accommodation of RAL into terminal base-pairs of unprocessed LTR is facilitated by an extensive end fraying that lowers the RAL binding energy barrier. The RAL binding entails a weak damping of fraying and correlatively of 3β²-P inhibition. Noteworthy, present calculated RAL structures bound to free viral DNA resemble those found in RAL-intasome crystals, especially concerning the contacts between the fluorobenzyl group and the conserved 5β²C4pA33β² step. We propose that RAL inhibits IN, in binding first unprocessed DNA. Similarly to anticancer drug poisons acting on topoisomerases, its interaction with DNA does not alter the cut, but blocks the subsequent joining reaction. We also speculate that INSTIs having viral DNA rather IN as main target could induce less resistance
Names of Demons in the South Slavic Versions of St Sisinniusβs Apocryphal Prayer
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ² ΡΠ². Π‘ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»Π° ΠΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΈΠ»Π°, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ. Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ) β XIβXIX Π²Π². Π ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π½ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ (ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ 12 ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ). Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ 23 ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 220 Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ), Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π»Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β«ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ» ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄.); ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ°; ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ»; ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Β«ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ» Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Ρ; ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ; Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ. Π‘ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Β«ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ» (ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β«ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΒ» ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ.The paper represents the first full-scale research on the names of demons encountered in the apocryphal prayers of St Sisinnius and Archangel Michael known from the South Slavic manuscript tradition. The chronological framework of the studied manuscripts and, thus, of the names spans from the 11th to the 19th centuries. Mythological names are present in the apocryphal prayers in form of numbered lists (each containing most often 12 names). The article considers 23 such lists (with more than 220 singular names in total) and involves a wide range of linguistic, mythological and folklore data. The author analyses the composition of the mythological βvocabularyβ and the character of its units (proper nouns, characterizing attributes, descriptive verbal constructions, etc.). The study focuses on the correlation between mythological names and the functions of corresponding characters; the semantic classification of words constituting the βvocabularyβ under consideration; the structure of the βvocabularyβ in various versions of the apocryphal prayer; the proportion of names and characters; grammatical βinertiaβ as the basis of word-formation patterns, and some other issues. In conclusion, the author discusses the historical evolution of the βvocabularyβ (obviously influenced by the folk tradition and by the vernacular speech) considering it in the context of the historical evolution of the Slavic verbal magicβs mythological vocabulary.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π ΠΠΠ€ β 16-04-00101Π° Β«ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π· ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½Β».This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (grant number 16-04-00101Π° βThe Image of Man in Slavic Languages and Culturesβ)
Names of Trees in East Slavic Charms
Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ 29.11.2020.Received on 29 November 2020.ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ Β«ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΒ». Π Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π² (Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
) Π² Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
(ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎ- ΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
β ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅Π°Π» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ). ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π² β Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ: Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π°, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄. ΠΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ (Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ) ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π² β ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π² Β«ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ» Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ‘ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π² (ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π»ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ° Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ). ΠΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ: ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (Π΄ΡΠ± ΠΠ²Π³ΠΈΠΌ, Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (Π΄ΡΠ± ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π΄ΡΠ±-Π±ΡΡΠ½, Π΄ΡΠ± ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ (Π΄ΡΠ± Π‘ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π΄ΡΠ± Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² (Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, Π΄ΡΠ±-ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±, Π΄ΡΠ± Π Π°ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½. Π΄Ρ.). Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Β«ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ.This paper continues the series of the authorsβ works on the toponymy of charms previously published in Voprosy Onomastiki. It deals with proper names of trees (dendronyms) in East Slavic spells coming from East Belarusian, East Ukrainian, West and South Russian territories where the considered folklore tradition is particularly prominent. The naming of revered trees is a fairly common cult practice that occurs through cultural semiotization of signifi cant plant properties: the most important features are the size and spreading of a tree, its situational connection with a person, the place of growth, etc. The folklore tradition (as refl ected in charms) of naming trees follows the same logic, however, direct evidence of dendronyms βmigrationβ from the real toponymic system to the texts of charms is lacking. The origins of mythodendronyms are established mainly in folklore, book and manuscript tradition. The paper explores functional features of charms that include names of trees (typically these are healing charms against fever and a snakebite). Hence, a classifi cation of dendronyms from the point of view of their origin is proposed: deanthroponymic names (Yevim oak, Erofei tree, Katyarina byarosa, etc.), toponym-based names (Mamvriy oak, Buyan oak, Lukomor oak, etc.), ethnonym-based names (Sorochinsky oak, Vereisk oak, etc.), names derived form appellatives (karcolist tree, starodub oak, Rakitaniy oak, Kindyashnoe tree, and many others). The paper proposes etymological and motivational solutions for most of the mythodendronyms known to the authors, many of which are βopaqueβ and have not yet received a reliable interpretation.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π. Π. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π ΠΠ€ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Β«Π‘Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡ
Π°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ: ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ», β 17β18β01373.The contribution of O. D. Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373 βSlavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studiesβ)
Toponyms in the Charms of the Russian North. III: Stones
Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°. Π Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π‘Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΈ β Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
(Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ). ΠΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Ρ
, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ (ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΡ
, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½. Π΄Ρ.), Π° Π°ΡΠ΅Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎ-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄, ΡΠ³, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β Π£ΡΠ°Π» ΠΈ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡ; Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ β ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΡΠΏΠΈΠ΄, ΠΠ°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½, ΠΠΈΡΠ±ΠΈΡ, ΠΡΠ»Π°Ρ, ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡ, ΠΠΈΠΏ, ΠΡΠΏΠ°Π² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.) Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½Ρ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅ (ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Ρ); ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΠ‘ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ XIX Π².; Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ; ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ; ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠΌΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ: ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π», ΠΎΠ·Π°Π³Π»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Β«ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅-ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π· ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ?Β», ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
. Π Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°.The third article in a series of publications on the toponymy in the charms of the Russian North discusses the proper names of stones attested in the texts from Eastern Slavia, primarily Russia and Belarus (for the Ukrainian tradition, distinctively, assigning proper names to stones is uncommon). Alatyr is the central name of this kind, known widely in the Russian and Belarusian folklore, mostly from spiritual poems, epics, and charms, where it is mentioned hundreds of times, including dozens of context variants and contaminated forms (e.g., Latyr, Latar, Oratir, Otlater, Zlatyr, and many others). The nameβs coverage extends over the Russian North and North-West, West, South, and the central part of Russia, the Volga region, the territory of the secondary settlement β the Urals and Siberia; outside of Russia, the name is attested in Belarus and the territory of Belarusian settlements in Lithuania. The rest of the names used for stones (such as Aspid, Marmont, Kirbich, Bulat, Plast, Kip, Kupav, etc.) are rather singular. The article falls into three sections. The fi rst is devoted solely to the name Alatyr and includes an analysis of its usage in folkloric texts (genres and motifs); a review of different etymological theories since the 19th century; an analysis of the volume and structure of the fi eld constituted by the nameβs contaminated associates; a list of variants and contaminated forms according to their frequency and distribution area; a study of the epithets of Alatyr and the their derivational potential. In the second section, proper names of stones unrelated to Alatyr are analyzed: the authors comment on their geography and the number of their attestations, produce some ideas on their motivation, as well as attempt to defi ne the characteristics of the folkloric image of the magic stone relevant for the mythological naming patterns. Finally, the third section, entitled βInstead of Conclusion. Where does the name Alatyr stem from, after all?β contains a detailed history of research on the name Alatyr, enlarged with a textological commentary on the dating and the sources of its appearance in written traditions. Thereby, the authors offer their own vision on the etymology of the famous folkloric proper name.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π’. Π. ΠΠ³Π°ΠΏΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π. Π. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Β«Π‘Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡ
Π°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ: ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ», β 17-18-01373. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° 34.2316.2017/ΠΠ§ Β«ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ- ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉ: ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π Π€.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π. Π. ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π°, Π’. Π. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π. Π. ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°, Π. Π. ΠΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ Π. Π. Π’ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ.The contribution of Tatyana Agapkina and Olesya Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373, Slavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studies). The contribution of Elena Berezovich was supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science (project 34.2316.2017/4.6, The Volga-Dvina Interfl uve and the Belozerye Area: History and Culture of Regions according to Linguistic Data). The authors are grateful to Nikolay Antropov, Tatyana Volodina, Oleg Vostrikov, Mariya Kaspina, and AndreyToporkov for their valuable consultations
Toponyms in the Charms of the Russian North. II: Lands. Mountains. Islands. Cities
The paper continues a series of publications studying the origins and usage of toponyms in oral and manuscript texts of charms attested in the Russian North: in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, and Kostroma regions. In this part, the authors focus on the names of βlands,β i.e. mountains, islands, and cities, subjecting them to an in-depth analysis. The parameters include 1) variations of a particular place name in the charms of the Russian North; 2) the number of folklore texts it occurs in; 3) the relation of the toponym to other geographical names within the text; 4) isofunctional toponyms; 5) folklore motifs associated with the geographical object and its name; 6) whether the name appears in other genres of folklore; 7) correlations with the real toponymy of the Russian North; 8) possible etymologies of the name. The smallest group comprises the names of βlandsβ implying the semantic opposition of βfriend / foeβ. The largest group includes the names of mountains β either place names that refer to βall-Russianβ toponymic objects (like Folyn-Gora) and often allude to biblical prototypes (Tabor, Sinai, etc.), or local mountains (like Sogozh-Gora) that take after some more general folkloric tradition (the Sorochinsky Mountains), or else occasional place names that do not have a real / textual prototype (like gory-Hry). Among the names of islands (which are half as many as the mountains), the variations of the folkloric proto-name of Buyan Island prevail. It is of note that the names of the islands and mountains mentioned in charms are barely refl ective of the real topography of the Russian North (where islands abound). The names of cities, as such, are found mainly in handwritten prayers and charms (and far less frequently occur in oral Northern Russian charms), with nearly all of them referring to biblical history. Incidentally, the only name that points to a real city is Jerusalem.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ
β ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
β ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ): ΠΡΡ
Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΒ», Π³ΠΎΡ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ: 1) Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°; 2) ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°; 3) ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°; 4) ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ; 5) ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Ρ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ; 6) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°; 7) ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°; 8) Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΒ», ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ β ΡΡΠΆΠΎΠ΅. Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ, Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ (Π€Π°Π²ΠΎΡ, Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.), Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅Β» ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ (Π€ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½-Π³ΠΎΡΠ°), ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡ (Π‘ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΆΡ-Π³ΠΎΡΠ°), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ (Π‘ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡ), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ / ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ° (Π³ΠΎΡΡ-Π₯ΡΡ). Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π²Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡ) ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΡΡΠ½. ΠΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° (Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ). Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
(ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΅ β Π² ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
), ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° β ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ.The contribution of T. A. Agapkina and O. D. Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373 βSlavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studiesβ).The contribution of E. L. Berezovich was carried out within the project 34.2316.2017/ΠΠ§ βThe Volga-Dvina Interfl uve and the Belozerye Area: History and Culture of Regions according to Linguistic Dataβ supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science.The authors are grateful to Irma I. Mullonen for her valuable consultations.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π’. Π. ΠΠ³Π°ΠΏΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π. Π. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Β«Π‘Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡ
Π°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ: ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ», β 17-18-01373.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° 34.2316.2017/ΠΠ§ Β«ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉ: ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π Π€.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π. Π. ΠΡΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ
Toponyms in the Charms of the Russian North. I: Seas and Rivers
The present paper is the fi rst one in a series of articles focusing on the origins and functioning of place names in oral or handwritten charm texts attested in the Russian North, i.e. in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, and Kostroma regions. The paper examines the names of water bodies (seas and rivers) present in the charms. The analysis builds on the largest corpus of materials available to the modern folklore studies. In each toponymβs description, the authors consider the following parameters: 1) variations of the name in the charms of the Russian North; 2) number of texts with reference to the toponym; 3) ties of the toponym with other names of geographical objects within a given text; 4) isofunctional toponyms; 5) folklore motives featuring the geographical object and its name; 6) representation of this name in other genres of folklore; 7) correlations with the real toponymy of the Russian North; 8) possible etymologies of the name. The authors distinguish between two main types of charm toponyms (for names with more or less transparent motivation) these are: precedent-related names with prototype outside the charm text (in real toponymy or the Holy Scripture: Khvalyn sea, the Jordan river), and folklore ones with no such precedents; the latter are divided into general folklore names (found not only in the charms, but also in other genres of folklore, such the Currant river, Ocean sea) and those specifi c to the charms, relevant only for this genre (the Ragoza river). It is symptomatic that in the analysis of names and objects belonging to different types researchers face different problems. For example, for biblical toponyms the most relevant problem is the one of establishing correlation between the charm name with the precedent-related toponym and the range of meanings and stories it accumulates. The names of rivers raise the question of the folklore toponym correlation with the real river names β Slavic and Russian river names, water bodies of the Russian North.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ
β ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
, β Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°: Π² ΠΡΡ
Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΠΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ
(ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ
). Π Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ), ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π±Π°Π·Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ: 1) Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°; 2) ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°; 3) ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°; 4) ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ; 5) ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Ρ, Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ; 6) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°; 7) ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ°; 8) Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° (Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π‘Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ: Π₯Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠ΄Π°Π½), ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ β ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅; ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° (Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π‘ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½) ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅, Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΆΠ°Π½ΡΠ° (ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° Π Π°Π³ΠΎΠ·Π°). Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ β ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ².The contribution of T. A. Agapkina and O. D. Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373 βSlavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studiesβ).The contribution of E. L. Berezovich was carried out within the project 34.2316.2017/ΠΠ§ βThe Volga-Dvina Interfl uve and the Belozerye Area: History and Culture of Regions according to Linguistic Dataβ supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science.The authors are grateful to Irma I. Mullonen and Anna A. Makarova for their valuable consultations.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π’. Π. ΠΠ³Π°ΠΏΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π. Π. Π‘ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ Β«Π‘Π»Π°Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡ
Π°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡ: ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ», β 17-18-01373.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π. Π. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° 34.2316.2017/ΠΠ§ Β«ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ-ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΉ: ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π Π€.ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π. Π. ΠΡΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ ΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Ρ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ
Major challenges in evaluating the quality of pharmaceutical substances (the assay)
Common topical issues of the quality assessment of pharmaceutical substances in terms of Β«AssayΒ», are related to the compliance of actual test results to assay requirements as well as to the proper elaboration of normative documents (completeness, accuracy of the descriptions of analytical methods) and the appropriate test conditions validation with the materials in the scope of the mentioned regulatory documents. It was shown that an objective assessment of the quantitative content of an active ingredient in pharmaceutical substance of synthetic or mineral origin depends largely on the choice of the analytical method, use of the appropriate techniques considering the materials included in the monographs of the State Pharmacopoeia the Russian Federation and leading foreign pharmacopoeias
Methodological approaches to the choice of identification test methods for medicines
The article summarises the main selective and non-selective methods of physical, chemical and physico-chemical analysis which are used in medicines identification testing and which differ in selectivity, sensitivity, informative value, sample preparation, and availability. The article demonstrates that the choice of methods is governed by chemical, physical and physico-chemical properties of medicines and the type of medicine (whether it is a substance or a finished dosage form). The article describes a complex approach based on the use of several analytical methods, the cumulative results of which are used to support medicines identification
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ)
Common topical issues of the quality assessment of pharmaceutical substances in terms of Β«AssayΒ», are related to the compliance of actual test results to assay requirements as well as to the proper elaboration of normative documents (completeness, accuracy of the descriptions of analytical methods) and the appropriate test conditions validation with the materials in the scope of the mentioned regulatory documents. It was shown that an objective assessment of the quantitative content of an active ingredient in pharmaceutical substance of synthetic or mineral origin depends largely on the choice of the analytical method, use of the appropriate techniques considering the materials included in the monographs of the State Pharmacopoeia the Russian Federation and leading foreign pharmacopoeias.ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Β«ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β», ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°) ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ±ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
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