21 research outputs found

    Рус. Π΄ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡ‚ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ… ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ лСксикС (ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ мифопоэтичСской ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ слов)

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    The article considers the word duboglot, which functions in the Russian dialects (mainly South Russian) in the meanings of β€˜strong dry cough, usually accompanied by a sore throat,’ β€˜angina.’ Semantic and motivational reconstruction of this word is carried out based on its role in the text. The authors conclude that the word got into the dialect system from the folklore (mainly from the charms), where it refers to diseases related to inflammation of the oral cavity, pharynx and lower respiratory tract, and accompanied by a strong cough, pain. It is established that most often the word appeared in the texts as a part of the formula β€œX (a tree), take your Y (duboglot), otherwise I will eat you / swallow you,” which is initially addressed to an oak tree as a convenient β€œrecipient” of diseases that are expelled from the speaker’s space. The authors suggest that the word duboglot is β€œinduced” by the logic of unfolding the text: this is β€œthe oak glot” (glot is the ability to swallow – from the Russian verb glotat’ β€˜to swallow’), which should belong to an oak, not a sick person. The word creation within the framework of a spoken construction is supported by the capabilities that are inherent in the language system. Firstly, it is the image of an oak β€œmouth” (throat), which is formed on the basis of the natural properties and features of oak. This image could be fixed in the internal form of the word itself, which is a controversial issue, but it certainly is seen in the stable compatibility of dub β€˜oak’ ↔ duplo β€˜hollow’, and at the synchronous level is also supported by the phonetic proximity of these words. The image of a tree, secondly, has another facet: the image of roots of a tree and its crown is projected on the idea of the growth of a tumour (including one in the throat); roots and crown of a tree simultaneously seem to be a β€œtool” for clearing the throat. Yet another facet of the image is related to how the native speaker sees the properties of a bark: there is a productive model for the Russian language that fixates the connection between the designations of wood (oak) bark and tumours on the human body (including throat tumours); oak bark itself is generally an β€œarchetype” of a bark, hard, rough, stripped from the surface of a tree (which corresponds to β€œtearing” sensations with a sore throat). Β© 2020. All Rights Reserved.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π•. Π›. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‡ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚Π° РНЀ β„– 20-18-00223 «Этимологизация ΠΈ сСмантичСская рСконструкция русской Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Π½ΠΎΠΉ лСксики». Авторы благодарят Π’. Π’. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΠΈ Π‘. М. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ‚ΡƒΡŽ Π·Π° Ρ†Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ замСчания, высказанныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ

    Unprocessed Viral DNA Could Be the Primary Target of the HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitor Raltegravir

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    Integration of HIV DNA into host chromosome requires a 3β€²-processing (3β€²-P) and a strand transfer (ST) reactions catalyzed by virus integrase (IN). Raltegravir (RAL), commonly used in AIDS therapy, belongs to the family of IN ST inhibitors (INSTIs) acting on IN-viral DNA complexes (intasomes). However, studies show that RAL fails to bind IN alone, but nothing has been reported on the behaviour of RAL toward free viral DNA. Here, we assessed whether free viral DNA could be a primary target for RAL, assuming that the DNA molecule is a receptor for a huge number of pharmacological agents. Optical spectroscopy, molecular dynamics and free energy calculations, showed that RAL is a tight binder of both processed and unprocessed LTR (long terminal repeat) ends. Complex formation involved mainly van der Waals forces and was enthalpy driven. Dissociation constants (Kds) revealed that RAL affinity for unbound LTRs was stronger than for bound LTRs. Moreover, Kd value for binding of RAL to LTRs and IC50 value (half concentration for inhibition) were in same range, suggesting that RAL binding to DNA and ST inhibition are correlated events. Accommodation of RAL into terminal base-pairs of unprocessed LTR is facilitated by an extensive end fraying that lowers the RAL binding energy barrier. The RAL binding entails a weak damping of fraying and correlatively of 3β€²-P inhibition. Noteworthy, present calculated RAL structures bound to free viral DNA resemble those found in RAL-intasome crystals, especially concerning the contacts between the fluorobenzyl group and the conserved 5β€²C4pA33β€² step. We propose that RAL inhibits IN, in binding first unprocessed DNA. Similarly to anticancer drug poisons acting on topoisomerases, its interaction with DNA does not alter the cut, but blocks the subsequent joining reaction. We also speculate that INSTIs having viral DNA rather IN as main target could induce less resistance

    Names of Demons in the South Slavic Versions of St Sisinnius’s Apocryphal Prayer

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    Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ комплСксноС исслСдованиС Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ входят Π² состав апокрифичСских ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π² св. Бисина ΠΈ Π°Ρ€Ρ…Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»Π° ΠœΠΈΡ…Π°ΠΈΠ»Π°, извСстных Π² юТнославянской рукописной Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π₯ронологичСский Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ рукописСй (ΠΈ, соотвСтствСнно, Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ) β€” XI–XIX Π²Π². Π’ этих апокрифичСских ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ… мифологичСскиС наимСнования ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΡƒΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π½ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½Π΅ΠΉ (Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго ΠΏΠΎ 12 ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ). Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ 23 Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½Π΅ΠΉ (ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ слоТности Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 220 Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ), с ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³Π° языковых, Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ мифологичСских ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Автор рассматриваСт ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΉ состав этого мифологичСского «словаря» ΠΈ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ мифологичСских Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° собствСнныС, характСристичСскиС опрСдСлСния, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π³Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ конструкции ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄.); ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ мифологичСского наимСнования ΠΈ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌ пСрсонаТа; основныС лСксико-сСмантичСскиС Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹, ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Β«ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ€ΡŒΒ»; структуру «словаря» Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… рСдакциях апокрифичСской ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π²Ρ‹; ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ количСства ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ количСства пСрсонаТСй; Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ основу ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… процСссов Π² имСнословС ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ вопросы. Бтавится вопрос ΠΎΠ± историчСской Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ «словаря» (ΠΈΡΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π°Π²ΡˆΠ΅Π³ΠΎ явноС влияниС Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ языка), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ рассматриваСтся общая ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° состава ΠΈ формирования мифологичСского «словаря» славянской Π²Π΅Ρ€Π±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΈΠΈ.The paper represents the first full-scale research on the names of demons encountered in the apocryphal prayers of St Sisinnius and Archangel Michael known from the South Slavic manuscript tradition. The chronological framework of the studied manuscripts and, thus, of the names spans from the 11th to the 19th centuries. Mythological names are present in the apocryphal prayers in form of numbered lists (each containing most often 12 names). The article considers 23 such lists (with more than 220 singular names in total) and involves a wide range of linguistic, mythological and folklore data. The author analyses the composition of the mythological β€œvocabulary” and the character of its units (proper nouns, characterizing attributes, descriptive verbal constructions, etc.). The study focuses on the correlation between mythological names and the functions of corresponding characters; the semantic classification of words constituting the β€œvocabulary” under consideration; the structure of the β€œvocabulary” in various versions of the apocryphal prayer; the proportion of names and characters; grammatical β€œinertia” as the basis of word-formation patterns, and some other issues. In conclusion, the author discusses the historical evolution of the β€œvocabulary” (obviously influenced by the folk tradition and by the vernacular speech) considering it in the context of the historical evolution of the Slavic verbal magic’s mythological vocabulary.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° РГНЀ β„– 16-04-00101Π° Β«ΠžΠ±Ρ€Π°Π· Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π² языкС ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π΅ славян».This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Humanities (grant number 16-04-00101Π° β€œThe Image of Man in Slavic Languages and Cultures”)

    Names of Trees in East Slavic Charms

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    Π ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡŒ поступила Π² Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ 29.11.2020.Received on 29 November 2020.Настоящая ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², посвящСнных Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ Π² ΠΆΡƒΡ€Π½Π°Π»Π΅ «Вопросы ономастики». Π’ Π½Π΅ΠΉ говорится ΠΎ собствСнных ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ… Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΡŒΠ΅Π² (Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ…) Π² восточнославянских Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ… (прСимущСствСнно восточнобСлорусских, восточноукраинских, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎ- ΠΈ ΡŽΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ… β€” это основной Π°Ρ€Π΅Π°Π» рассматриваСмой Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ). ИмСнованиС ΠΏΠΎΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΡŒΠ΅Π² β€” достаточно распространСнная ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΡŒΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ‡ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ сСмиотизации Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ‹Ρ… свойств растСний: Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ становятся Ρ€Π°Π·ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π°, ситуативная связь с Ρ‡Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌ, мСсто произрастания ΠΈ Ρ‚. Π΄. Π­Ρ‚ΠΈΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ подчиняСтся ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½Π°Ρ (Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС заговорная) традиция имСнования Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΡŒΠ΅Π² β€” ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ достовСрных случаСв Β«ΠΌΠΈΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈΒ» Π΄Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ топонимичСской систСмы Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ тСксты Π½Π΅ зафиксировано. Π˜ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ прСимущСствСнно Π² Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎ-рукописной Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ опрСдСляСтся Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², Π² ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„ΠΈΠ³ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ИБ Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΡŒΠ΅Π² (Ρ‡Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго это Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΎΡ‚ Π»ΠΈΡ…ΠΎΡ€Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ укуса Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΠΉ). ИмСна Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π²ΡŒΠ΅Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡ‹ с Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ зрСния ΠΈΡ… происхоТдСния: отантропонимичСскиС (Π΄ΡƒΠ± Π•Π²Π³ΠΈΠΌ, Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎ Π΅Ρ€ΠΎΡ„Π΅ΠΉ, бяроза ΠšΠ°Ρ‚ΡΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.), оттопонимичСскиС (Π΄ΡƒΠ± ΠœΠ°ΠΌΠ²Ρ€ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, Π΄ΡƒΠ±-буян, Π΄ΡƒΠ± Π›ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ€ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.), отэтнонимичСскиС (Π΄ΡƒΠ± Борочинский, Π΄ΡƒΠ± вСрСйский ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.), возникшиС ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ апСллятивов (Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎ карколист, Π΄ΡƒΠ±-стародуб, Π΄ΡƒΠ± Π Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, КиндяшноС Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½. Π΄Ρ€.). Π’ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ этимологичСскиС ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ для Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΠ½ΡΡ‚Π²Π° извСстных Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Β«Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ сих ΠΏΠΎΡ€ Π½Π΅ Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹.This paper continues the series of the authors’ works on the toponymy of charms previously published in Voprosy Onomastiki. It deals with proper names of trees (dendronyms) in East Slavic spells coming from East Belarusian, East Ukrainian, West and South Russian territories where the considered folklore tradition is particularly prominent. The naming of revered trees is a fairly common cult practice that occurs through cultural semiotization of signifi cant plant properties: the most important features are the size and spreading of a tree, its situational connection with a person, the place of growth, etc. The folklore tradition (as refl ected in charms) of naming trees follows the same logic, however, direct evidence of dendronyms β€œmigration” from the real toponymic system to the texts of charms is lacking. The origins of mythodendronyms are established mainly in folklore, book and manuscript tradition. The paper explores functional features of charms that include names of trees (typically these are healing charms against fever and a snakebite). Hence, a classifi cation of dendronyms from the point of view of their origin is proposed: deanthroponymic names (Yevim oak, Erofei tree, Katyarina byarosa, etc.), toponym-based names (Mamvriy oak, Buyan oak, Lukomor oak, etc.), ethnonym-based names (Sorochinsky oak, Vereisk oak, etc.), names derived form appellatives (karcolist tree, starodub oak, Rakitaniy oak, Kindyashnoe tree, and many others). The paper proposes etymological and motivational solutions for most of the mythodendronyms known to the authors, many of which are β€œopaque” and have not yet received a reliable interpretation.Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° О. Π”. Π‘ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ финансовой ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ РНЀ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρƒ «БлавянскиС архаичСскиС Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ Π² пространствС Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹: этнолингвистичСскиС исслСдования», β„– 17–18–01373.The contribution of O. D. Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373 β€œSlavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studies”)

    Toponyms in the Charms of the Russian North. III: Stones

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    Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ являСтся Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², посвящСнном Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ² Русского Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°. Π’ Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° собствСнныС ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… тСкстах Восточной Π‘Π»Π°Π²ΠΈΠΈ β€” Π² ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ русских ΠΈ бСлорусских (для украинской Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ присвоСниС камням собствСнных ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π½Π΅ Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎ). Π“Π»Π°Π²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ русского ΠΈ бСлорусского Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π° являСтся ΠΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€ΡŒ, извСстный прСимущСствСнно Π² Π΄ΡƒΡ…ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стихах, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ… ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…, количСство фиксаций ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ исчисляСтся сотнями, Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ дСсятки (срСди Π½ΠΈΡ…, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Π›Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€ΡŒ, Π›Π°Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΡŒ, ΠžΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€, ΠžΡ‚Π»Π°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€, Π—Π»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€ΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½. Π΄Ρ€.), Π° Π°Ρ€Π΅Π°Π» ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Русский Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€, сСвСро-Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄, юг, Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ‡Π°ΡΡ‚ΡŒ России, ПоволТьС, Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ засСлСния β€” Π£Ρ€Π°Π» ΠΈ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡ€ΡŒ; Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ России β€” Π‘Π΅Π»ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΡΡΠΈΡŽ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ посСлСния бСлорусов Π² Π›ΠΈΡ‚Π²Π΅. ΠžΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° собствСнныС ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€, Аспид, ΠœΠ°Ρ€ΠΌΠΎΠ½, ΠšΠΈΡ€Π±ΠΈΡ‡, Π‘ΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ‚, ΠŸΠ»Π°ΡΡ‚, Кип, ΠšΡƒΠΏΠ°Π² ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.) Π² основном Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹. Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ дСлится Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π²Ρ‹ΠΉ посвящСн ΠΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€ΡŽ ΠΈ содСрТит исслСдованиС функционирования этого ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π² Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π΅ (ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹); ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ этимологичСских вСрсий, Π²Ρ‹ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ…ΡΡ для ИБ ΠΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€ΡŒ начиная с XIX Π².; Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· объСма ΠΈ структуры ассоциативно-ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ поля этого ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ; ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² с ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡ… частотности ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ; Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ эпитСтов Алатыря ΠΈ установлСниС ΠΈΡ… ΠΈΠΌΡΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»Π°. Π’ΠΎ Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° собствСнныС ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ связанныС с АлатырСм: ΡƒΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ гСография ΠΈ количСство ΠΈΡ… фиксаций, Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ вСрсии, Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π·Π° магичСского камня, Ρ€Π΅Π»Π΅Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ для мифологичСской Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. НаконСц, Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π», ΠΎΠ·Π°Π³Π»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ «ВмСсто Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π“Π΄Π΅ всС-Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈ стоит ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π· Алатыря?Β», содСрТит ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡŽ изучСния Алатыря, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ тСкстовСдчСский ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ появлСния этого ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΡŒΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… источниках. Π’ Π½Π΅ΠΌ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ своС Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ этимологии Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡ„ΠΎΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°.The third article in a series of publications on the toponymy in the charms of the Russian North discusses the proper names of stones attested in the texts from Eastern Slavia, primarily Russia and Belarus (for the Ukrainian tradition, distinctively, assigning proper names to stones is uncommon). Alatyr is the central name of this kind, known widely in the Russian and Belarusian folklore, mostly from spiritual poems, epics, and charms, where it is mentioned hundreds of times, including dozens of context variants and contaminated forms (e.g., Latyr, Latar, Oratir, Otlater, Zlatyr, and many others). The name’s coverage extends over the Russian North and North-West, West, South, and the central part of Russia, the Volga region, the territory of the secondary settlement β€” the Urals and Siberia; outside of Russia, the name is attested in Belarus and the territory of Belarusian settlements in Lithuania. The rest of the names used for stones (such as Aspid, Marmont, Kirbich, Bulat, Plast, Kip, Kupav, etc.) are rather singular. The article falls into three sections. The fi rst is devoted solely to the name Alatyr and includes an analysis of its usage in folkloric texts (genres and motifs); a review of different etymological theories since the 19th century; an analysis of the volume and structure of the fi eld constituted by the name’s contaminated associates; a list of variants and contaminated forms according to their frequency and distribution area; a study of the epithets of Alatyr and the their derivational potential. In the second section, proper names of stones unrelated to Alatyr are analyzed: the authors comment on their geography and the number of their attestations, produce some ideas on their motivation, as well as attempt to defi ne the characteristics of the folkloric image of the magic stone relevant for the mythological naming patterns. Finally, the third section, entitled β€œInstead of Conclusion. Where does the name Alatyr stem from, after all?” contains a detailed history of research on the name Alatyr, enlarged with a textological commentary on the dating and the sources of its appearance in written traditions. Thereby, the authors offer their own vision on the etymology of the famous folkloric proper name.Авторская Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π’. А. Агапкиной ΠΈ О. Π”. Π‘ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Российского Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρƒ «БлавянскиС архаичСскиС Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ Π² пространствС Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹: этнолингвистичСскиС исслСдования», β„– 17-18-01373. Авторская Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π•. Π›. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‡ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π° счСт срСдств ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° 34.2316.2017/ПЧ Β«Π’ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ- ДвинскоС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΈ БСлозСрский ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉ: история ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ лингвистичСским Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠœΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ Π Π€.Авторы сСрдСчно благодарят Н. П. Антропова, Π’. Π’. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ, О. Π’. Вострикова, М. М. ΠšΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΠ½Ρƒ ΠΈ А. Π›. Π’ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ.The contribution of Tatyana Agapkina and Olesya Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373, Slavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studies). The contribution of Elena Berezovich was supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science (project 34.2316.2017/4.6, The Volga-Dvina Interfl uve and the Belozerye Area: History and Culture of Regions according to Linguistic Data). The authors are grateful to Nikolay Antropov, Tatyana Volodina, Oleg Vostrikov, Mariya Kaspina, and AndreyToporkov for their valuable consultations

    Toponyms in the Charms of the Russian North. II: Lands. Mountains. Islands. Cities

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    The paper continues a series of publications studying the origins and usage of toponyms in oral and manuscript texts of charms attested in the Russian North: in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, and Kostroma regions. In this part, the authors focus on the names of β€œlands,” i.e. mountains, islands, and cities, subjecting them to an in-depth analysis. The parameters include 1) variations of a particular place name in the charms of the Russian North; 2) the number of folklore texts it occurs in; 3) the relation of the toponym to other geographical names within the text; 4) isofunctional toponyms; 5) folklore motifs associated with the geographical object and its name; 6) whether the name appears in other genres of folklore; 7) correlations with the real toponymy of the Russian North; 8) possible etymologies of the name. The smallest group comprises the names of β€œlands” implying the semantic opposition of β€œfriend / foe”. The largest group includes the names of mountains β€” either place names that refer to β€œall-Russian” toponymic objects (like Folyn-Gora) and often allude to biblical prototypes (Tabor, Sinai, etc.), or local mountains (like Sogozh-Gora) that take after some more general folkloric tradition (the Sorochinsky Mountains), or else occasional place names that do not have a real / textual prototype (like gory-Hry). Among the names of islands (which are half as many as the mountains), the variations of the folkloric proto-name of Buyan Island prevail. It is of note that the names of the islands and mountains mentioned in charms are barely refl ective of the real topography of the Russian North (where islands abound). The names of cities, as such, are found mainly in handwritten prayers and charms (and far less frequently occur in oral Northern Russian charms), with nearly all of them referring to biblical history. Incidentally, the only name that points to a real city is Jerusalem.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ, посвящСнных вопросам происхоТдСния ΠΈ бытования Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… тСкстах β€” устных ΠΈ рукописных β€” ΠΈΠ· сСвСрнорусских Π³ΡƒΠ±Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΈΠΉ (областСй): ΠΡ€Ρ…Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Вологодской, ΠžΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. Π’ Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ названия «зСмСль», Π³ΠΎΡ€, островов ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…. Π’ Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹: 1) Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ… Русского Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°; 2) количСство тСкстов с ΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°; 3) связи Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ гСографичСских ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ тСкста; 4) ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ‹; 5) Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹, Π² Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… участвуСт гСографичСский ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ имя; 6) ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ€Π°Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π°; 7) связь с Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Русского Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°; 8) вСрсии ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ происхоТдСния названия. НаиболСС малочислСнны названия «зСмСль», сСмантика ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΌΡ‹ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡŽ своС β€” Ρ‡ΡƒΠΆΠΎΠ΅. Π‘Π°ΠΌΡƒΡŽ ΠΎΠ±ΡˆΠΈΡ€Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏΡƒ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ наимСнования Π³ΠΎΡ€, срСди ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ‹, Π°ΠΏΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ библСйским ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ (Π€Π°Π²ΠΎΡ€, Π‘ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.), Π½Π°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ «общСрусскиС» Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ (Π€ΠΎΠ»Ρ‹Π½-Π³ΠΎΡ€Π°), мСстныС Π³ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ (БогоТь-Π³ΠΎΡ€Π°), ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡŽ (БорочинскиС Π³ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ / тСкстового ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° (Π³ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹-Π₯Ρ€Ρ‹). Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ островов (ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅ мСньшС, Ρ‡Π΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡ€) ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ остров Буян. Названия Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… островов ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡ€ практичСски Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡŽ Русского Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π° (Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ΡƒΡŽ особСнно островами). Π§Ρ‚ΠΎ касаСтся ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡΡƒΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ прСимущСствСнно Π² рукописных ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚Π²Π°Ρ… ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ… (ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΅ β€” Π² устных сСвСрнорусских Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…), практичСски всС эти Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π° β€” ΠΈΠ· библСйской истории. Π’ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π˜Π΅Ρ€ΡƒΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΌ.The contribution of T. A. Agapkina and O. D. Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373 β€œSlavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studies”).The contribution of E. L. Berezovich was carried out within the project 34.2316.2017/ПЧ β€œThe Volga-Dvina Interfl uve and the Belozerye Area: History and Culture of Regions according to Linguistic Data” supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science.The authors are grateful to Irma I. Mullonen for her valuable consultations.Авторская Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π’. А. Агапкиной ΠΈ О. Π”. Π‘ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Российского Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρƒ «БлавянскиС архаичСскиС Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ Π² пространствС Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹: этнолингвистичСскиС исслСдования», β„– 17-18-01373.Авторская Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π•. Π›. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‡ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π° счСт срСдств ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° 34.2316.2017/ПЧ «ВолгоДвинскоС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΈ БСлозСрский ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉ: история ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ лингвистичСским Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠœΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ Π Π€.Авторы благодарят И. И. ΠœΡƒΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ

    Toponyms in the Charms of the Russian North. I: Seas and Rivers

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    The present paper is the fi rst one in a series of articles focusing on the origins and functioning of place names in oral or handwritten charm texts attested in the Russian North, i.e. in the Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Olonets, and Kostroma regions. The paper examines the names of water bodies (seas and rivers) present in the charms. The analysis builds on the largest corpus of materials available to the modern folklore studies. In each toponym’s description, the authors consider the following parameters: 1) variations of the name in the charms of the Russian North; 2) number of texts with reference to the toponym; 3) ties of the toponym with other names of geographical objects within a given text; 4) isofunctional toponyms; 5) folklore motives featuring the geographical object and its name; 6) representation of this name in other genres of folklore; 7) correlations with the real toponymy of the Russian North; 8) possible etymologies of the name. The authors distinguish between two main types of charm toponyms (for names with more or less transparent motivation) these are: precedent-related names with prototype outside the charm text (in real toponymy or the Holy Scripture: Khvalyn sea, the Jordan river), and folklore ones with no such precedents; the latter are divided into general folklore names (found not only in the charms, but also in other genres of folklore, such the Currant river, Ocean sea) and those specifi c to the charms, relevant only for this genre (the Ragoza river). It is symptomatic that in the analysis of names and objects belonging to different types researchers face different problems. For example, for biblical toponyms the most relevant problem is the one of establishing correlation between the charm name with the precedent-related toponym and the range of meanings and stories it accumulates. The names of rivers raise the question of the folklore toponym correlation with the real river names β€” Slavic and Russian river names, water bodies of the Russian North.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΡ€Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ» ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ, посвящСнных вопросам происхоТдСния ΠΈ бытования Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… тСкстах β€” устных ΠΈ рукописных, β€” записанных Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Русского Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°: Π² ΠΡ€Ρ…Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Вологодской, ΠžΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠšΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ губСрниях (областях). Π’ Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊ), Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…. Авторы максимально ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ ΡƒΡ‡Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ Π±Π°Π·Ρƒ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡƒΠΏΠ½ΡƒΡŽ соврСмСнной отСчСствСнной Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ описании ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ‹: 1) Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ… Русского Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°; 2) количСство тСкстов с ΡƒΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°; 3) связи Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° с Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ гСографичСских ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ тСкста; 4) ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡ‹; 5) Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹, Π² Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… участвуСт гСографичСский ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ имя; 6) ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ€Π°Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π°; 7) связь с Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Русского Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π°; 8) вСрсии ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ происхоТдСния названия. Авторы Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Π΄Π²Π° основных Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ²: ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° собствСнныС, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠΏ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ тСкста (Π² Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ БвящСнном Писании: Π₯валынскоС ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅, Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π˜ΠΎΡ€Π΄Π°Π½), ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ β€” ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅; послСдниС, Π² свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ, дСлятся Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° (Π²ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ…, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ€Π°Ρ… Ρ„ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ€Π°, Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π‘ΠΌΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅ ОкСан) ΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½Ρ‹Π΅, Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ для этого ΠΆΠ°Π½Ρ€Π° (Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π Π°Π³ΠΎΠ·Π°). Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½, относящихся ΠΊ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ исслСдоватСлями Π²ΡΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹. К ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρƒ, для библСйских Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ с ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌ смыслов ΠΈ ΡΡŽΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ Π°ΠΊΠΊΡƒΠΌΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅Ρ‚. Названия Ρ€Π΅ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ вопрос ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Ρ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ β€” славянских ΠΈ общСрусских Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ€Π΅ΠΊ, сСвСрнорусских Π³ΠΈΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ².The contribution of T. A. Agapkina and O. D. Surikova was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project number 17-18-01373 β€œSlavic Archaic Zones in the European Space: Ethnolinguistic Studies”).The contribution of E. L. Berezovich was carried out within the project 34.2316.2017/ПЧ β€œThe Volga-Dvina Interfl uve and the Belozerye Area: History and Culture of Regions according to Linguistic Data” supported by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science.The authors are grateful to Irma I. Mullonen and Anna A. Makarova for their valuable consultations.Авторская Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π’. А. Агапкиной ΠΈ О. Π”. Π‘ΡƒΡ€ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Российского Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρƒ «БлавянскиС архаичСскиС Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‹ Π² пространствС Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΡ‹: этнолингвистичСскиС исслСдования», β„– 17-18-01373.Авторская Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° Π•. Π›. Π‘Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‡ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π·Π° счСт срСдств ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π° 34.2316.2017/ПЧ Β«Π’ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎ-ДвинскоС ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΡŒΠ΅ ΠΈ БСлозСрский ΠΊΡ€Π°ΠΉ: история ΠΈ ΠΊΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ лингвистичСским Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠœΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΈ Π Π€.Авторы благодарят И. И. ΠœΡƒΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ ΠΈ А. А. ΠœΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Ρƒ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ

    Major challenges in evaluating the quality of pharmaceutical substances (the assay)

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    Common topical issues of the quality assessment of pharmaceutical substances in terms of Β«AssayΒ», are related to the compliance of actual test results to assay requirements as well as to the proper elaboration of normative documents (completeness, accuracy of the descriptions of analytical methods) and the appropriate test conditions validation with the materials in the scope of the mentioned regulatory documents. It was shown that an objective assessment of the quantitative content of an active ingredient in pharmaceutical substance of synthetic or mineral origin depends largely on the choice of the analytical method, use of the appropriate techniques considering the materials included in the monographs of the State Pharmacopoeia the Russian Federation and leading foreign pharmacopoeias

    Methodological approaches to the choice of identification test methods for medicines

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    The article summarises the main selective and non-selective methods of physical, chemical and physico-chemical analysis which are used in medicines identification testing and which differ in selectivity, sensitivity, informative value, sample preparation, and availability. The article demonstrates that the choice of methods is governed by chemical, physical and physico-chemical properties of medicines and the type of medicine (whether it is a substance or a finished dosage form). The article describes a complex approach based on the use of several analytical methods, the cumulative results of which are used to support medicines identification

    ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ экспСртизы качСства фармацСвтичСских субстанций (ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° количСствСнного содСрТания)

    No full text
    Common topical issues of the quality assessment of pharmaceutical substances in terms of Β«AssayΒ», are related to the compliance of actual test results to assay requirements as well as to the proper elaboration of normative documents (completeness, accuracy of the descriptions of analytical methods) and the appropriate test conditions validation with the materials in the scope of the mentioned regulatory documents. It was shown that an objective assessment of the quantitative content of an active ingredient in pharmaceutical substance of synthetic or mineral origin depends largely on the choice of the analytical method, use of the appropriate techniques considering the materials included in the monographs of the State Pharmacopoeia the Russian Federation and leading foreign pharmacopoeias.ΠžΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ вопросы, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ экспСртизС качСства фармацСвтичСских субстанций ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŽ Β«ΠšΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β», связаны с соотвСтствиСм фактичСски ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ прСдусмотрСнным Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ количСствСнного содСрТания, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ прСдставлСнных Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² (ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡ‚Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ излоТСния ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°) ΠΈ соотвСтствиСм условий провСдСния испытаний с Π²Π°Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Ρƒ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ. Показано, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ количСствСнного содСрТания Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ вСщСства Π² фармацСвтичСской субстанции синтСтичСского ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ происхоТдСния Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ опрСдСляСтся Π²Ρ‹Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ с ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ ГосударствСнной Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΈ Российской Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉ
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