A Comparison of Attitude Scores Made on the Conover Attitude Inventory Before and After a Course in Driving

An important goal of any course of study is to change or improve the students\u27 attitudes toward that subject. An attempt has been made in this investigation to determine the effect of driver training programs on certain attitudes of individuals toward factors shown to be important in safe driving by a comparison of these attitudes as measured by an objective pre-test taken before the course and the same attitudes as measured by retesting after the course. The general hypothesis of the study may be stated as follows: A course in driver education administered by a competent instructor, will initiate a shift of certain attitudes, improving the individual\u27s outlook toward the specific factors which constitute attitudes toward safe driving in general. It is assumed in this study that a true picture of an individual\u27s attitudes toward these specific factors at a given time may be obtained by administering a pencil-and-paper scale of the type used and described by Conover (1947). The reliability of this scale is given as about +.90. A further analysis of this test is given by Soule and others in this volume (1950). Another assumption is that safe driving is receiving a share of the instructional program of driver education courses

Proceedings of a Conference on Agricultural Education in Our Public Schools

Vocational Agriculture has played an important role in helping young men become established in farming. Much of our success in more than meeting the food and fiber needs of our rapidly growing population today can b~ attributed to Vocational Agriculture. But, questions are being raised about the need for cominuation of such an extensive program of preparation for farming in view of the reduced number of farming opportunities each year. Furthermore, questions are being raised about the adeqwacy of preparation for farming by a program that is terminal at the high school level, and about the adequacy of preparation for college if a student devotes much of his high school time to Vocational Agriculture.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/card_reports/1000/thumbnail.jp

Cytokine Profiles of Severe Influenza Virus-Related Complications in Children

RationaleEffective immunomodulatory therapies for children with life-threatening “cytokine storm” triggered by acute influenza infection are lacking. Understanding the immune profiles of children progressing to severe lung injury and/or septic shock could provide insight into pathogenesis.ObjectivesTo compare the endotracheal and serum cytokine profiles of children with influenza-related critical illness and to identify their associations with severe influenza-associated complications.MethodsChildren with influenza-related critical illness were enrolled across 32 hospitals in development (N = 171) and validation (N = 73) cohorts (December 2008 through May 2016). Concentrations of 42 cytokines were measured in serum and endotracheal samples and clustered into modules of covarying cytokines. Relative concentrations of cytokines and cytokine modules were tested for associations with acute lung injury (ALI), shock requiring vasopressors, and death/ECMO.Measurements and main resultsModules of covarying cytokines were more significantly associated with disease severity than individual cytokines. In the development cohort, increased levels of a serum module containing IL6, IL8, IL10, IP10, GCSF, MCP1, and MIP1α [shock odds ratio (OR) = 3.37, family-wise error rate (FWER) p < 10−4], and decreased levels of a module containing EGF, FGF2, SCD40L, and PAI-1 (shock OR = 0.43, FWER p = 0.002), were both associated with ALI, shock, and death-ECMO independent of age and bacterial coinfection. Both of these associations were confirmed in the validation cohort. Endotracheal and serum cytokine associations differed markedly and were differentially associated with clinical outcomes.ConclusionWe identified strong positive and negative associations of cytokine modules with the most severe influenza-related complications in children, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of influenza-related critical illness in children. Effective therapies may need to target mediators of both inflammation and repair

Siponimod versus placebo in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (EXPAND): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 study

International audienc