Tertiary-Tree 12-GHz 32-bit Adder in 65nm Technology

This paper presents a new 32-bit adder structure with 12 GHz low-power operation in 65nm technology. The Fast Conditional Sparse-Tree Logic (FCSL) is based on modifying the initial Sparse-Tree architecture [1] to enhance its speed using tertiary trees and applying a carry-select scheme in some of the more significant bits. This design has been compared with the Sparse-Tree adder and the Low-Voltage Swing adder in terms of speed and power. It has been shown that speed can be improved using FCSL architecture while keeping the power at a comparable level

Determining the Optimal Pattern of Vitamin Supplementation in Diets Containing Wheat Waste by Estimating the Performance and Immune Responses of Broiler Chickens

Introduction: In the past, vitamins were considered as unknown growth factors, but during the twentieth century, their structure and nature were gradually discovered. These compounds are necessary to maintain the integrity of the tissues and general health of the body. Broiler chickens are unable to synthesize vitamins (except vitamin C) or have the ability to make limited amounts of them (group B and K2). For this reason, vitamins should be added to broiler feed as a supplement. Vitamins interact with other nutrients in various ways. The main reference for vitamin requirements in broilers is the National Research Council (NRC, 1994). The recommended amounts ensure conditions where there are no severe deficiencies. Applying the NRC recommendations cannot guarantee the genetic potential of today's birds. Because these values were taken from old studies and using pure feeds in laboratory conditions. Due to the dependence of Iran's poultry industry on the import of vitamins, unfortunately, in recent years, few studies have been conducted in the country on the appropriate pattern of adding vitamins to the diet of broiler chickens. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the lower levels than the recommendation of the Ross 308 strain catalog (Aviagen, 2019) as the dominant strain of the country and to propose an optimal model for different regions that does not have a negative effect on the performance and safety traits and to reduce the need to import this strain. It will also follow the products.Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal pattern of vitamin supplementation in diets based on corn, wheat waste and soybean meal on production traits, carcass characteristics and immune responses of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age in Fars province. A total of 500 Ross 308 broilers with similar mean weight (mixed sex) were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replications and 20 chickens per replication. Experimental treatments included five levels of vitamin supplementation: 1) control (100% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog), 2) 90% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog, 3) 80% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog, 4) 70% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog and 5) 60% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog. At the end of each period, the feed consumption and body weight of the birds were recorded with a digital scale with an accuracy of ±0.01. At the age of 39 days, blood was drawn from the vein under the wing of two birds from each experimental unit, with a syringe containing EDTA anticoagulant, and the blood sample was quickly transferred to the laboratory in a flask containing ice for differential counting of white blood cells. At the end of the 42nd day of rearing, two birds from each experimental unit were slaughtered to measure the relative weight percentage of carcass components. To measure the humoral immune response, the injection of 0.5 ml sheep antigen (SRBC) at the age of 21 days was used. CBH skin hypersensitivity test was also used to measure cellular immune response.Results and Discussion: The highest and lowest mean body weight gain and feed intake belonged to the vitamin pattern of 100 and 60% of the recommendation of Ross 308 strain, respectively (P<0.01). The best feed conversion ratio and production index belonged to the vitamin pattern up to 90% of the Ross strain recommendation (P<0.01). The highest and lowest percentages of pectoralis muscle (22.2% and 19.2%) were related to the pattern of 100 and 60% of vitamin supplementation recommended by the Ross strain (P<0.01). The effect of reducing vitamin supplementation on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), serum antibody level against SRBC and percentage of heterophils, lymphocytes and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was not significant.Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the functional indices and most importantly the production index of treatment 1 (100% vitamin pattern) and treatment 2 (90% vitamin pattern). Carcass traits and indicators related to humoral and cellular immune systems did not show significant differences too. As a result, a 10% reduction in the level of vitamin supplementation compared to the recommended level of the Ross 308 catalog is possible and suggested for raising broiler chickens. The final result is that in the breeding conditions of Fars province poultry farms, it is possible to reduce the level of vitamin supplements in diets containing wheat waste up to 90% of the recommendation of Ross 308 strain compared to the control diet

High-Efficiency and High-Power CMOS Power Amplifiers for Millimeter-Wave Applications /

This research focuses on the analysis and design of stacked-FET power amplifiers for millimeter-wave applications. We analyze the loss mechanisms in the stacked-FET PA circuit to develop the fundamental bounds on PAE and output power. Two-stack power amplifiers are designed and implemented at 45 and 90GHz achieving 19 and 15.8dbm output power with 34% and 11% PAE, respectively. The gate resistance of the stacked-FET PA is demonstrated to be a dominant source of loss at high frequency. To overcome this limitation, a multi-drive stacked-FET approach is proposed to improve the output power and efficiency. An analysis of conventional and multi-drive stacked-FET PAs demonstrates the performance improvement. A multi-drive three-stack PA is implemented in 45-nm SOI CMOS for 90GHz operation occupying 0.23 mm². This PA achieves 19dBm saturated output power at a PAE of 14% and 12dB gain at 90 GHz using a 3.4-V power supply. To achieve high output power and high efficiency with high data rates using QAM modulation, this research proposes a new stacked -FET transmitter in 45-nm SOI CMOS at 45 GHz, which shares a common DC current through an I/Q digital-to-analog converter (DAC), I/Q mixer, and stacked-FET PA to provide high voltage swing without exceeding the breakdown voltage of the transistors in the stack. The circuit approach proposed here provides high RF output power at high efficiency along with a high-resolution DAC control to transmit complex modulation schemes. The use of high- resolution DACs enables the use of digital predistortion (DPD) to improve the error vector magnitude (EVM). The proposed architecture demonstrates 21.3 dBm saturated output power at a peak PAE of 16% into a 50 Ohms load impedance at 45 GHz, generating a 1.25-Gbps QPSK at an EVM of 5.5% using digital predistortion. Considering that modern communication systems employ modulation techniques that exhibit high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs), demand for amplifiers with high efficiency over a wide power range is increasing. The traditional Doherty power amplifier is one of the circuits that satisfy this demand by providing peak efficiency at 6-dB back off as well as peak power. In this work, the designed stacked-FET power amplifiers are utilized to make a Doherty power amplifier and a modified Doherty PA is proposed that addresses the limitations of the traditional design. The results demonstrate 4% improved back-off PAE as well as 1.5dB higher gain in comparison to the designed traditional Doherty PA

High-Efficiency and High-Power CMOS Power Amplifiers for Millimeter-Wave Applications /

This research focuses on the analysis and design of stacked-FET power amplifiers for millimeter-wave applications. We analyze the loss mechanisms in the stacked-FET PA circuit to develop the fundamental bounds on PAE and output power. Two-stack power amplifiers are designed and implemented at 45 and 90GHz achieving 19 and 15.8dbm output power with 34% and 11% PAE, respectively. The gate resistance of the stacked-FET PA is demonstrated to be a dominant source of loss at high frequency. To overcome this limitation, a multi-drive stacked-FET approach is proposed to improve the output power and efficiency. An analysis of conventional and multi-drive stacked-FET PAs demonstrates the performance improvement. A multi-drive three-stack PA is implemented in 45-nm SOI CMOS for 90GHz operation occupying 0.23 mm². This PA achieves 19dBm saturated output power at a PAE of 14% and 12dB gain at 90 GHz using a 3.4-V power supply. To achieve high output power and high efficiency with high data rates using QAM modulation, this research proposes a new stacked -FET transmitter in 45-nm SOI CMOS at 45 GHz, which shares a common DC current through an I/Q digital-to-analog converter (DAC), I/Q mixer, and stacked-FET PA to provide high voltage swing without exceeding the breakdown voltage of the transistors in the stack. The circuit approach proposed here provides high RF output power at high efficiency along with a high-resolution DAC control to transmit complex modulation schemes. The use of high- resolution DACs enables the use of digital predistortion (DPD) to improve the error vector magnitude (EVM). The proposed architecture demonstrates 21.3 dBm saturated output power at a peak PAE of 16% into a 50 Ohms load impedance at 45 GHz, generating a 1.25-Gbps QPSK at an EVM of 5.5% using digital predistortion. Considering that modern communication systems employ modulation techniques that exhibit high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs), demand for amplifiers with high efficiency over a wide power range is increasing. The traditional Doherty power amplifier is one of the circuits that satisfy this demand by providing peak efficiency at 6-dB back off as well as peak power. In this work, the designed stacked-FET power amplifiers are utilized to make a Doherty power amplifier and a modified Doherty PA is proposed that addresses the limitations of the traditional design. The results demonstrate 4% improved back-off PAE as well as 1.5dB higher gain in comparison to the designed traditional Doherty PA

Assessment of the Relationship Between Serum Fibrinogen Level and Chronic Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Patients With or Without

Background:Infectious agents such as Chlamydia pneumonia or Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori) have been linked to ischemic heart disease(IHD) as the epidemiologic studies have shown.Other studies believed that raised plasma fibrinogen level has been claimed as a possible link between H.pylori infection and IHD.Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was undertaken on 261 patients. 131 hospitalized patients were selected from CCU ward,as cases and 130 hospitalized patients from surgery and orthopedic wards of Iran University of Medical Sciences hospitals,as controls.HP infection, serum fibrinogen level and cardiovascular risk factors were determined in all cases and controls. T-test, chi-square test, general linear model and logistic regression model were used in analysis.Results: H.pylori infection was not in association with IHD.High fibrinogen level was also not associated with IHD in cases with H.pylori infection.Conclusion: Although there was no link between H. pylori infection,fibrinogen level and IHD in this study, some authors believe that the probable mechanism of this association is that under stimulation by the bacterium, mononuclear cells produce a tissue factor- like procoagulant activity that,through the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation,converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Comparison of hepatitis C virus risk factors in genotypes 1a and 3a

Background: One of the most important causes of chronic liver disease is hepatitis C virus (HCV), which causes liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. To control the prevalence of the disease, knowledge and information in risk factor of HCV are required. The aim of this study was to compare the risk factors of infection between HCV patients with genotypes 1a and 3a. Methods: This is an observational analytical study. HCV patients who referred to the clinic of hepatology, Rasoul-e-Akram University Hospital from July 2015 to July 2017, were assigned to the genotype 1a and 3a. Demographic (age, sex, family history), clinical (cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma) and laboratory data, history of intravenous drug and alcohol usage, and history of imprisonment were gathered and compared between two groups. All the patients completed the informed consent form. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software, version 22 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Overall, 97 HCV patients were included in this study. Mean age was 45&plusmn;12 years and 78 (80%) of patients were male. Among them, 58 (60%) and 39 (40%) had genotype 1a and 3a. respectively. History of injection drug usage was recorded in 34/39 (87%) of patients with genotype 3a, and significantly higher in genotype 3a as compared to genotype 1a [OR adj: 3.1, CI (1.3-6.2)]. Also, in this study, genotype 3a was significantly recorded in younger patients [OR adj: 1.7, CI (1.2-4.1)]. However, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was more common in patients with genotype 1a as compared to genotype 3a [OR adj: 2.05, CI (1.6-5.4) and OR adj: 2.8, CI (1.3-5.7)] respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, hepatitis C virus transmission risk factors differed in genotypes 3a and 1a. Genotype 3a is found among young patients with a history of intravenous drug usage and genotype 1a in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma

Molecular characterization and functional analyses of ZtWor1,a transcriptional regulator of the fungal wheat pathogenZymoseptoria tritici

Zymoseptoria tritici causes the major fungal wheat diseaseseptoria tritici blotch, and is increasingly being used as a model fortransmission and population genetics, as well as host–pathogeninteractions. Here, we study the biological function of ZtWor1, theorthologue of Wor1 in the fungal human pathogen Candidaalbicans, as a representative of a superfamily of regulatory proteins involved in dimorphic switching. In Z. tritici, this gene ispivotal for pathogenesis, as ZtWor1 mutants were nonpathogenicand complementation restored the wild-type phenotypes.In planta expression analyses showed that ZtWor1 is up-regulatedduring the initiation of colonization and fructification, and regulates candidate effector genes, including one that was discoveredafter comparative proteome analysis of the Z. tritici wild-typestrain and the ZtWor1 mutant, which was particularly expressedin planta. Cell fusion and anastomosis occur frequently in ZtWor1mutants, reminiscent of mutants of MgGpb1, the β-subunit of theheterotrimeric G protein. Comparative expression of ZtWor1 inknock-out strains of MgGpb1 and MgTpk2, the catalytic subunit ofprotein kinase A, suggests that ZtWor1 is downstream of the cyclicadenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway that is crucial forpathogenesis in many fungal plant pathogens