3,958 research outputs found
Entanglement of Conceptual Entities in Quantum Model Theory (QMod)
We have recently elaborated 'Quantum Model Theory' (QMod) to model situations
where the quantum effects of contextuality, interference, superposition,
entanglement and emergence, appear without the entities giving rise to these
situations having necessarily to be of microscopic nature. We have shown that
QMod models without introducing linearity for the set of the states. In this
paper we prove that QMod, although not using linearity for the state space,
provides a method of identification for entangled states and an intuitive
explanation for their occurrence. We illustrate this method for entanglement
identification with concrete examples
Quantum Structure in Cognition: Why and How Concepts are Entangled
One of us has recently elaborated a theory for modelling concepts that uses
the state context property (SCoP) formalism, i.e. a generalization of the
quantum formalism. This formalism incorporates context into the mathematical
structure used to represent a concept, and thereby models how context
influences the typicality of a single exemplar and the applicability of a
single property of a concept, which provides a solution of the 'Pet-Fish
problem' and other difficulties occurring in concept theory. Then, a quantum
model has been worked out which reproduces the membership weights of several
exemplars of concepts and their combinations. We show in this paper that a
further relevant effect appears in a natural way whenever two or more concepts
combine, namely, 'entanglement'. The presence of entanglement is explicitly
revealed by considering a specific example with two concepts, constructing some
Bell's inequalities for this example, testing them in a real experiment with
test subjects, and finally proving that Bell's inequalities are violated in
this case. We show that the intrinsic and unavoidable character of entanglement
can be explained in terms of the weights of the exemplars of the combined
concept with respect to the weights of the exemplars of the component concepts.Comment: 10 page
Entanglement Zoo II: Examples in Physics and Cognition
We have recently presented a general scheme enabling quantum modeling of
different types of situations that violate Bell's inequalities. In this paper,
we specify this scheme for a combination of two concepts. We work out a quantum
Hilbert space model where 'entangled measurements' occur in addition to the
expected 'entanglement between the component concepts', or 'state
entanglement'. We extend this result to a macroscopic physical entity, the
'connected vessels of water', which maximally violates Bell's inequalities. We
enlighten the structural and conceptual analogies between the cognitive and
physical situations which are both examples of a nonlocal non-marginal box
modeling in our classification.Comment: 11 page
Estimating the conditions for polariton condensation in organic thin-film microcavities
We examine the possibility of observing Bose condensation of a confined
two-dimensional polariton gas in an organic quantum well. We deduce a suitable
parameterization of a model Hamiltonian based upon the cavity geometry, the
biexciton binding energy, and similar spectroscopic and structural data. By
converting the sum-over-states to a semiclassical integration over
-dimensional phase space, we show that while an ideal 2-D Bose gas will not
undergo condensation, an interacting gas with the Bogoliubov dispersion
close to will undergo Bose condensation at a given
critical density and temperature. We show that is sensitive
to both the cavity geometry and to the biexciton binding energy. In particular,
for strongly bound biexcitons, the non-linear interaction term appearing in the
Gross-Pitaevskii equation becomes negative and the resulting ground state will
be a localized soliton state rather than a delocalized Bose condensate.Comment: 2 figure
Quantum Structures: An Attempt to Explain the Origin of their Appearance in Nature
We explain the quantum structure as due to the presence of two effects, (a) a
real change of state of the entity under influence of the measurement and, (b)
a lack of knowledge about a deeper deterministic reality of the measurement
process. We present a quantum machine, where we can illustrate in a simple way
how the quantum structure arises as a consequence of the two mentioned effects.
We introduce a parameter epsilon that measures the size of the lack of
knowledge on the measurement process, and by varying this parameter, we
describe a continuous evolution from a quantum structure (maximal lack of
knowledge) to a classical structure (zero lack of knowledge). We show that for
intermediate values of epsilon we find a new type of structure, that is neither
quantum nor classical. We apply the model that we have introduced to situations
of lack of knowledge about the measurement process appearing in other regions
of reality. More specifically we investigate the quantum-like structures that
appear in the situation of psychological decision processes, where the subject
is influenced during the testing, and forms some of his opinions during the
testing process. Our conclusion is that in the light of this explanation, the
quantum probabilities are epistemic and not ontological, which means that
quantum mechanics is compatible with a determinism of the whole.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figure
The Guppy Effect as Interference
People use conjunctions and disjunctions of concepts in ways that violate the
rules of classical logic, such as the law of compositionality. Specifically,
they overextend conjunctions of concepts, a phenomenon referred to as the Guppy
Effect. We build on previous efforts to develop a quantum model that explains
the Guppy Effect in terms of interference. Using a well-studied data set with
16 exemplars that exhibit the Guppy Effect, we developed a 17-dimensional
complex Hilbert space H that models the data and demonstrates the relationship
between overextension and interference. We view the interference effect as, not
a logical fallacy on the conjunction, but a signal that out of the two
constituent concepts, a new concept has emerged.Comment: 10 page
Interpreting Quantum Particles as Conceptual Entities
We elaborate an interpretation of quantum physics founded on the hypothesis
that quantum particles are conceptual entities playing the role of
communication vehicles between material entities composed of ordinary matter
which function as memory structures for these quantum particles. We show in
which way this new interpretation gives rise to a natural explanation for the
quantum effects of interference and entanglement by analyzing how interference
and entanglement emerge for the case of human concepts. We put forward a scheme
to derive a metric based on similarity as a predecessor for the structure of
'space, time, momentum, energy' and 'quantum particles interacting with
ordinary matter' underlying standard quantum physics, within the new
interpretation, and making use of aspects of traditional quantum axiomatics.
More specifically, we analyze how the effect of non-locality arises as a
consequence of the confrontation of such an emerging metric type of structure
and the remaining presence of the basic conceptual structure on the fundamental
level, with the potential of being revealed in specific situations.Comment: 19 pages, 1 figur
Estimating stellar oscillation-related parameters and their uncertainties with the moment method
The moment method is a well known mode identification technique in
asteroseismology (where `mode' is to be understood in an astronomical rather
than in a statistical sense), which uses a time series of the first 3 moments
of a spectral line to estimate the discrete oscillation mode parameters l and
m. The method, contrary to many other mode identification techniques, also
provides estimates of other important continuous parameters such as the
inclination angle alpha, and the rotational velocity v_e. We developed a
statistical formalism for the moment method based on so-called generalized
estimating equations (GEE). This formalism allows the estimation of the
uncertainty of the continuous parameters taking into account that the different
moments of a line profile are correlated and that the uncertainty of the
observed moments also depends on the model parameters. Furthermore, we set up a
procedure to take into account the mode uncertainty, i.e., the fact that often
several modes (l,m) can adequately describe the data. We also introduce a new
lack of fit function which works at least as well as a previous discriminant
function, and which in addition allows us to identify the sign of the azimuthal
order m. We applied our method to the star HD181558, using several numerical
methods, from which we learned that numerically solving the estimating
equations is an intensive task. We report on the numerical results, from which
we gain insight in the statistical uncertainties of the physical parameters
involved in the moment method.Comment: The electronic online version from the publisher can be found at
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9876.2005.00487.
What is Quantum? Unifying Its Micro-Physical and Structural Appearance
We can recognize two modes in which 'quantum appears' in macro domains: (i) a
'micro-physical appearance', where quantum laws are assumed to be universal and
they are transferred from the micro to the macro level if suitable 'quantum
coherence' conditions (e.g., very low temperatures) are realized, (ii) a
'structural appearance', where no hypothesis is made on the validity of quantum
laws at a micro level, while genuine quantum aspects are detected at a
structural-modeling level. In this paper, we inquire into the connections
between the two appearances. We put forward the explanatory hypothesis that,
'the appearance of quantum in both cases' is due to 'the existence of a
specific form of organisation, which has the capacity to cope with random
perturbations that would destroy this organisation when not coped with'. We
analyse how 'organisation of matter', 'organisation of life', and 'organisation
of culture', play this role each in their specific domain of application, point
out the importance of evolution in this respect, and put forward how our
analysis sheds new light on 'what quantum is'.Comment: 10 page
How to play two-players restricted quantum games with 10 cards
We show that it is perfectly possible to play 'restricted' two-players,
two-strategies quantum games proposed originally by Marinatto and Weber having
as the only equipment a pack of 10 cards. The 'quantum board' of such a model
of these quantum games is an extreme simplification of 'macroscopic quantum
machines' proposed by one of the authors in numerous papers that allow to
simulate by macroscopic means various experiments performed on two entangled
quantum objectsComment: 4 pages, 3 figure
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