Test-Retest Reliability of Isokinetic Strength Measurements in Lower Limbs in Elderly

Strength is essential for carrying out the usual activities of daily life. As there is a loss of strength in elderly, many treatments are based on delaying the loss of strength or maintaining it. Isokinetic dynamometry is the gold standard for assessing strength. It is essential that studies are conducted to allow us to identify the reliability of isokinetic strength assessments in older people. This study aimed to test the absolute and relative intra-session reliability of peak torque and work of a concentric knee extension-flexion performed at 60°/s in elderly. Fifty-two elderly subjects performed three repetitions of bilateral concentric knee extension-flexion at 60°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. The relative and absolute reliability were calculated between the second and third repetition. The intra-class correlation coefficient values were between 0.94 and 0.98 for peak torque and work in all measures, which is considered "excellent", except for left leg flexors in women, with values between 0.85 and 0.88, which is considered "good". The standard error of measurement (SEM) percentage oscillated from 3.9% to 10.5%, with a smallest real difference (SRD) percentage of 10.9% to 29.2% for peak torque. The relative reliability of peak torque and work were excellent for all measures except flexors in women, evidencing the utility of isokinetic dynamometry for monitoring lower limb maximal muscle strength and work of concentric knee extension-flexion at 60°/s/s in the elderly. In addition, an SRD > 19.9% in peak torque and an SRD > 23.1% in work is considered a true change

Preliminary Study of the Psychometric Properties of a Questionnaire to Assess Spanish Canoeists’ Perceptions of the Sport System’s Capacity for Talent Development in Women’s Canoeing

Given the importance of sport at a global level, the competitiveness of sport systems is a determining factor in attracting resources from different sectors. Competitiveness is largely measured by the athletes’ level. Therefore, the production of competitive talent is an aspect that occupies the managers of different sports systems. This study analyzed the factor structure and reliability of a questionnaire for the evaluation of the perceptions of actors of a sport (canoeing) on the ability of the national system to produce talent in one of its modalities recently incorporated in the Olympic Games (OG) of Tokyo 2021. The sample consisted of 167 individuals linked to Spanish canoeing, who responded to the questionnaire “Evaluation of the current position in canoeing-sport with regard to talent” of the International Canoe Federation (ICF). Exploratory, confirmatory and reliability factor analyses were performed. The results showed a one-dimensional factor structure composed of seven items, with good and excellent goodness-of-fit values and high reliability (McDonald’s Omega = 0.82). Thus, the ICF questionnaire can be considered a quick and easy to apply tool to analyze the perceptions about the development of talent in canoeing in order to take actions for the recruitment, promotion and development of talent. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Gender perspective in nature sport tourism

Dada la relevancia que está tomando el turismo de naturaleza como principal alternativa de ocio, siguiendo los principios de sostenibilidad, minimizando el impacto ambiental, la cultura local, y contribuyendo a la generación de ingresos y empleo; estudios anteriores han tratado de analizar la demanda considerando a los turistas como un grupo homogéneo. El desarrollo del turismo requiere incorporar el enfoque de género para conocer su impacto diferenciado en materia de sostenibilidad lo que le permitirá implementar las acciones y actividades turísticas indicadas, eficaces y efectivas. Por consiguiente, este estudio pretende analizar el perfil sociodemográfico del turista de naturaleza en España segmentándolo desde una perspectiva de género, para ofrecer una oferta ordenada que permita satisfacer la necesidad de acercarse al medio natural y contribuir a la igualdad de género. Para ello, se han analizado los datos obtenidos de la Encuesta de Turismo de Residentes del Instituto Nacional de Estadística de 2019, a partir de una muestra de 3.768 personas, seleccionando aquellos viajeros cuyo motivo de viaje principal fuera turismo de naturaleza. Los hallazgos muestran que hay un mayor porcentaje de mujeres que de hombres, en su mayoría con un perfil más joven, que viven en pareja o con cónyuges, con un mayor porcentaje sin carga familiar, con un mejor nivel académico y mayores ingresos que los hombres, que trabajan por cuenta ajena con empleos fijos. En conclusión, es importante realizar un estudio detallado desde la perspectiva de género para que el turismo de naturaleza aborde realmente los retos de la sociedad y promueva las herramientas necesarias para lograr la igualdad de género a nivel global.Given the relevance that nature tourism is taking as the main leisure alternative, following the principles of sustainability, minimizing environmental impact, local culture, and contributing to the generation of income and employment; previous studies have tried to analyze the demand considering tourists as a homogeneous group. Tourism development requires incorporating the gender approach to understand its differentiated impact on sustainability, which will enable it to implement appropriate, efficient and effective tourism actions and activities. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the sociodemographic profile of the nature tourist in Spain, segmenting it from a gender perspective, in order to provide an ordered offer to satisfy the need to approach the natural environment and contribute to gender equality. To this end, data obtained from the 2019 National Statistics Institute’s Resident Tourism Survey of the National Institute of Statistics have been analyzed, based on a sample of 3,768 people, selecting those travelers whose main reason for travel was nature tourism. The findings show that there is a higher percentage of women than men, mostly with a younger profile, living as a couple or with spouses, with a higher percentage with no family burden, with a better academic level and higher income than men, who are employed with permanent jobs. In conclusion, it is important to carry out a detailed study from a gender perspective so that nature tourism really addresses the challenges of society and promotes the necessary tools to achieve gender equality at a global level

Exergames for women with fibromyalgia: a randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect on mobility skills, balance and fear of falling

ANTECEDENTES: Los exergames son una nueva forma de rehabilitación que combina las características del ejercicio físico y los beneficios de la realidad virtual no inmersiva (VR). Los efectos de esta novedosa terapia en mujeres con fibromialgia aún son desconocidos. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos de la intervención basada en exergame sobre las habilidades de movilidad, el equilibrio y el miedo a caer en mujeres con fibromialgia. MÉTODOS: Este estudio fue un ensayo controlado aleatorio con asignación oculta. Setenta y seis mujeres con fibromialgia se dividieron en dos grupos: el grupo de ejercicios recibió una intervención de ocho semanas basada en exergames, mientras que el grupo de control continuó sus actividades habituales. Las habilidades de movilidad se evaluaron mediante la prueba cronometrada e ir, mientras que el equilibrio se evaluó mediante la prueba de alcance funcional y el protocolo CTSIB. El miedo a caer se evaluó en una escala de 0 a 100 (0, sin miedo; 100, miedo extremo). Las mediciones se realizaron antes y después de la intervención. Se utilizó un modelo mixto lineal de medidas repetidas para comparar los efectos de la intervención entre los dos grupos. RESULTADOS: El grupo de ejercicio fue significativamente más rápido que el grupo de control en la prueba de cronometraje e inicio (DM, −0.71; IC del 95% [−1.09–0.32]; p <0.001). También hubo mejoras significativas en el alcance funcional y un menor temor a caerse (DM, 4,34; IC del 95% [1,39 a 7,30]; p = 0,005 y DM, −9,85; IC del 95% [−0,19–−0,08]; p = 0.048, respectivamente). DISCUSIÓN: El TUG mejorado observado aquí fue mejor que la diferencia real más pequeña. Según los resultados de las habilidades de movilidad, el equilibrio y el miedo a caerse, los juegos pueden ser una herramienta eficaz como terapia para las mujeres con fibromialgia.BACKGROUND: Exergames are a new form of rehabilitation that combine the characteristics of physical exercise and the benefits of non-immersive virtual reality (VR). Effects of this novel therapy in women fibromyalgia are still unknown. The objective was to evaluate the effects of exergame-based intervention on mobility skills, balance and fear of falling in women with fibromyalgia. METHODS: This study was a randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation. Seventy-six women with fibromyalgia were divided into two groups: the exercise group received an eight week intervention based on exergames, while the control group continued their usual activities. Mobility skills were evaluated using the timed up and go test, while balance was assessed using the functional reach test, and the CTSIB protocol. Fear of falling was evaluated on a scale of 0–100 (0, no fear; 100, extreme fear). Measurements were performed before and after the intervention. A repeated-measures linear mixed model was used to compare the effects of the intervention between the two groups. RESULTS: The exercise group was significantly quicker than the control group in the timed up and go test (MD, −0.71; 95% CI [−1.09–0.32]; p < 0.001). There were also significant improvements in functional reach and a reduced fear of falling (MD, 4.34; 95% CI [1.39–7.30]; p = 0.005 and MD, −9.85; 95% CI [−0.19–−0.08]; p = 0.048, respectively). DISCUSSION: The improved TUG observed herein was better than the smallest real difference. Based on the results on mobility skills, balance and fear of falling, exergames may be an effective tool as a therapy for women with fibromyalgia.• Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Becas DEP2012-39828 y DEP2015-70356 (I+D+i) Gobierno de Extremadura y Fondos FEDER. Beca GR10127 • Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. Beca FPU14/01283peerReviewe

Reliability of spirometric tests during the different menstrual cycle phases in healthy women

Carta al Editor sobre la fiabilidad de las pruebas espirométricas durante las diferentes fases del ciclo menstrual en mujeres sanas.Letter to the Editor about "Reliability of Spirometric Tests during the Different Menstrual Cycle Phases in Healthy Women"peerReviewe

Stair negotiation in women with fibromyalgia: a descriptive correlational study

Subir y bajar escaleras es una actividad común e importante de la vida diaria. Las mujeres con fibromialgia a menudo muestran una capacidad reducida para realizar esta tarea. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la confiabilidad de las tareas de negociación de la escalera y la prueba de reevaluación y evaluar el impacto de los síntomas de la fibromialgia en la capacidad de negociar las escaleras. Cuarenta y dos mujeres con fibromialgia participaron en este estudio descriptivo correlacional. La relevancia de la negociación de la escalera (tanto subir y bajar) se evaluó al evaluar su asociación con la versión revisada del cuestionario de impacto de la fibromialgia (FIQ-R) y otras variables relacionadas con la salud. También se analizó la fiabilidad test-retest. Las principales medidas de resultado fueron el tiempo que se pasó subiendo y bajando escaleras y el impacto de la fibromialgia, la calidad de vida, el número de caídas, el peso y la resistencia y resistencia de las extremidades inferiores. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC) para el descenso de la escalera fue de 0.929 mientras que para el ascenso fue de 0.972. La puntuación en estas pruebas se correlacionó significativamente con la puntuación total para el FIQ-R y la puntuación para muchas de las dimensiones y síntomas: es decir, la función física, el impacto general de la fibromialgia, el dolor, la energía, la rigidez, el sueño reparador, la sensibilidad y la autoestima. Problemas de equilibrio percibido, y sensibilidad. Dada la importancia de la negociación de la escalera como actividad de la vida diaria y la alta confiabilidad, las tareas de ascenso y descenso de la escalera pueden ser útiles como medidas de resultado en estudios en pacientes con fibromialgia.Walking up and down stairs is a common and important activity of daily living. Women with fibromyalgia often show a reduced ability to perform this task. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability of stair negotiation tasks and to assess the impact of fibromyalgia symptoms on the ability to negotiate stairs. Forty-two women with fibromyalgia participated in this descriptive correlational study. The relevance of the stair negotiation (both walking up and down) was evaluated by assessing its association with the revised version of the fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ-R) and other health-related variables. Test–retest reliability was also analyzed. The main outcome measures were time spent walking up and down stairs and impact of fibromyalgia, quality of life, number of falls, weight, and lower limb strength and endurance. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for stair descent was 0.929 whereas that for ascent was 0.972. The score in these tests correlated significantly with the total score for the FIQ-R and the score for many of dimensions and symptoms: that is, physical function, overall impact of fibromyalgia, pain, energy, stiffness, restorative sleep, tenderness, self-perceived balance problems, and sensitivity.• Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad. Becas DEP2012-39828 y DEP2015-70356 • Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. Beca FPU14/01283, para Daniel Collado MateopeerReviewe

Differences in Self-Concept and Its Dimensions in Students of the Third Cycle of Primary School, Obligatory Secondary Education, and Baccalaureate

Self-concept can be defined as a structured, multidimensional, and evolving construct that constitutes all the beliefs that an individual has about him/herself. Among its dimensions is the physical dimension that encompasses perceptions of physical attractiveness, self-esteem, and physical condition. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to look for differences between the educational stages from the third cycle of primary school and high school, as well as to study the possible correlations between the age groups and the dimensions of the scale. The AF-5 scale was used to measure self-concept, the Kolmogoronov–Smirnov test was applied to determine the normality of the data, Kruskall-Wallis to identify the differences between the dimensions of the scale and the educational stages, and Spearman’s Rho for correlations between dimensions and age groups. Significant differences were found in the academic, emotional, family, and physical dimensions between educational stages and between the scale as a single construct. Significant inverse correlations were also found between age groups and dimensions. Overall self-concept decreases with age and varies according to the educational stage

Cardiometabolic parameters in high intensity interval training in overweight or obese people: a bibliographic review

Objective. The purpose of the present review was to know the situation in regard to how different cardiometabolic parameters and/or cardiometabolic health markers are influenced in overweight or obese people when a high-intensity interval training programme is applied. Methods. A bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed database. A total of 93 articles were analyzed and after inclusion a exclusion criteria application it were reduced to 12 the useful articles. Results. There is a maintenance or significant decrease in body mass index (2.1±0.3%), body mass (3.3%, ≈2%), fat mass (≈2%), and waist circumference. The effects on lipid values are varied between articles, certains significant decreases have occurred in some articles when we look cholesterol (32.4±5.2mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein (25.8±16.5mg/dl) and tryglicerides (22.9±3.4mg/dl), however other studies show that there are not changes in these parameters or even a slight increase after the intervention is observed. Some articles show a reduction on glucose (1.1±0.11mmol/l), diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Oxygen consumption peak suffers a significative increasing in the majority of studies analyzed(27.7±4.4%, 22.3±3.5%, 9.1%, 7.9%, 7.9%). Conclusions. High-intensity interval training allows improvements in: waist circunference, insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid profile and peak of oxygen consumption. It also could control body weight and reduce fat mass. However, it is not clear that it could be effective for the modification of lipid values due to the controversy in the results

Relationship of health-related quality of life with physical activity level and self-perceived physical fitness in Peruvian adolescents

La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en los adolescentes es de vital importancia para su desarrollo integral, tanto a nivel fisiológico, psicológico como social. En este sentido, se debe prestar especial atención a los adolescentes, para que no les afecte posteriormente. El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar la relación entre la percepción de calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, nivel de actividad física y autopercepción de la condición física en adolescentes peruanos. Métodos: la muestra está compuesta por un total de 1229 estudiantes con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 17. El tipo de estudio fue descriptivo-comparativo. Todas las medidas utilizadas se obtuvieron mediante instrumentos auto-administrados como el Child Health Utility - 9 D (CHU9D), el EQ-5D-Y, el Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) y el International Fitness Scale (IFIS). Resultados: en cuanto a la actividad física los resultados muestran que los varones (0.887) obtienen valores más elevados que las mujeres (0.867) mediante el instrumento CHU9D. De igual manera en el EQ5D-Y los chicos (0.899) también muestran valores superiores a las chicas (0.881). Así mismo observamos en el PAQ-A que los chicos (2.41) vuelven a indicar valores altos a diferencia de las chicas (2.27) Y en cuanto al IFIS, los chicos obtuvieron valores superiores en casi todos los ítems con excepción en la flexibilidad. Conclusiones: Se concluye que existe una relación directa entre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud y los niveles de actividad física.Health-related quality of life in adolescents is of vital importance for their integral development, both physiologically, psychologically and socially. In this sense, special attention should be paid to adolescents so that it does not affect them later on. The main objective of this article is to analyse the relationship between the perception of health-related quality of life, level of physical activity and self-perception of physical fitness in Peruvian adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of a total of 1229 students aged between 12 and 17. The type of study was descriptive-comparative. All the measures used were obtained using self-administered instruments such as the Child Health Utility - 9 D (CHU9D), the EQ-5D-Y, the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) and the International Fitness Scale (IFIS). Results: In terms of physical activity, the results show that boys (0.887) obtain higher values than girls (0.867) using the CHU9D instrument. Similarly, in the EQ5D-Y, boys (0.899) also show higher values than girls (0.881). Likewise, in the PAQ-A, boys (2.41) again show higher values than girls (2.27). And in the IFIS, boys obtained higher values in almost all items with the exception of flexibility. Conclusions: It is concluded that boys have higher levels of physical activity and better self-perceived physical fitness than girls, with the exception of flexibility. And, that there is a direct relationship between health-related quality of life and physical activity levels as well as self-perceived physical fitness