Diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Argentine Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, year 2019

El hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA) es la enfermedad hepática crónica más frecuente en todo el mundo, con una prevalencia aproximada de 25% a nivel global. Su prevalencia es mucho mayor en pacientes con sobrepeso, obesidad y diabetes tipo 2 y es considerada como la manifestación hepática del síndrome metabólico. El espectro de la enfermedad hepática es muy amplio, desde la esteatosis simple a la esteatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrosis y sus complicaciones, como el hepatocarcinoma. La mayoría de los pacientes afectados no progresará a la fibrosis avanzada/cirrosis. A pesar de esto, se ha descripto que la hepatopatía es la tercera causa de muerte entre los pacientes con HGNA, luego de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y las malignas. Entre la enorme cantidad de afectados, lo más importante es identificar a los que están en riesgo de evolución a la cirrosis o sus complicaciones y conocer las opciones de diagnóstico y tratamiento. En esta Guía organizada por la Asociación Argentina para el Estudio de las Enfermedades del Hígado se revisan las definiciones, los aspectos epidemiológicos, la historia natural y un enfoque práctico sobre algoritmos posibles para estimar la gravedad de la hepatopatía en cada caso, además de analizar los avances en el tratamiento y recomendaciones para el seguimiento. Es importante señalar que no se han publicado datos sobre incidencia o prevalencia de la enfermedad en población general de Argentina, y se alienta a la realización de los mismos.. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent chronic liver disease worldwide, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 25%, that is much higher in patients with overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes. NAFLD is considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. It has a wide spectrum, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and its complications, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Most of the affected patients will not evolve to advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Despite this, it has been described that the hepatic disease is the third cause of death among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver, after cardiovascular and malignant diseases. Among the huge number of patients affected, the main challenge is to identify those who are at risk of developing cirrhosis or its complications and to recognize the diagnostic and treatment options. In this Guideline, endorsed by the Argentine Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the definitions, epidemiological aspects, natural history and a practical approach to possible algorithms to estimate the severity of liver disease in the individual patient are reviewed; in addition to analyzing advances in treatment and proposing recommendations for follow-up. It is important to note that no data on the incidence or prevalence of the disease have been published in the general population of Argentina, and it is encouraged to carry them out.Fil: Fassio, Eduardo. Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Dirchwolf, Melisa. Hospital Privado de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Barreyro, Fernando Javier. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales. Departamento de Microbiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Adrover, Raúl. No especifíca;Fil: Alonso, M. Inés. No especifíca;Fil: Amante, Marcelo. No especifíca;Fil: Ameigeiras, Beatriz. No especifíca;Fil: Barreyro, Fernando J.. No especifíca;Fil: Benavides, Javier. No especifíca;Fil: Bessone, Fernando. No especifíca;Fil: Cairo, Fernando. No especifíca;Fil: Camino, Alejandra. No especifíca;Fil: Cañero Velasco, M. Cristina. No especifíca;Fil: Casciato, Paola. No especifíca;Fil: Cocozzella, Daniel. No especifíca;Fil: Daruich, Jorge. No especifíca;Fil: De Matteo, Elena. No especifíca;Fil: Dirchwolf, Melisa. No especifíca;Fil: Fassio, Eduardo. No especifíca;Fil: Fernández, José Luis. No especifíca;Fil: Fernández, Nora. No especifíca;Fil: Ferretti, Sebastián. No especifíca;Fil: Figueroa, Sebastián. No especifíca;Fil: Galoppo, Marcela. No especifíca;Fil: Godoy, Alicia. No especifíca;Fil: González Ballerga, Esteban. No especifíca;Fil: Graffigna, Mabel. No especifíca;Fil: Guma, Carlos. No especifíca;Fil: Lagues, Cecilia. No especifíca;Fil: Marino, Mónica. No especifíca;Fil: Mendizábal, Manuel. No especifíca;Fil: Mesquida, Marcelo. No especifíca;Fil: Odzak, Andrea. No especifíca;Fil: Peralta, Mirta. No especifíca;Fil: Ridruejo, Ezequiel. No especifíca;Fil: Ruffillo, Gabriela. No especifíca;Fil: Sordá, Juan A.. No especifíca;Fil: Tanno, Mario. No especifíca;Fil: Villamil, Alejandra. No especifíca;Fil: Colombato, Luis. No especifíca;Fil: Fainboim, Hugo. No especifíca;Fil: Gadano, Adrián. No especifíca;Fil: Galoppo, Cristina. No especifíca;Fil: Villamil, Federico. No especifíca

Priming Intramodal e Intermodal: un Estudio Gustativo-Visual

The aim of this study is to evaluate within and across priming between taste and vision. The data showed a facilitation in recognition of studied stimuli in relation to new stimuli in the experiment of within priming. In the experiments of within and across priming, the recognition of the studied stimuli did not differ significantly from the recognition of new stimuli. In both studies, the results showed that the processing time required to recognize studied stimuli were smaller than the time required for new stimuli. There was a negative correlation between processing time and recognition. The occurrence of within and across priming between taste and vision are consistent with the evidence of this studies.El propósito de este estudio es evaluar el priming intramodal del gusto e intermodal entre el gusto y la visión. Los datos mostraron una facilitación en el reconocimiento de los estímulos estudiados en relación con los estímulos nuevos en el experimento de priming intramodal. En el experimento de priming intermodal, el reconocimiento de los estímulos estudiados no se diferenció significativamente del reconocimiento de los estímulos nuevos. En ambos estudios, los resultados mostraron que el tiempo de procesamiento requerido para los estímulos estudiados es menor que para los estímulos nuevos, y se observó una correlación inversa entre esta variable y el reconocimiento. Se concluye la presencia de priming intramodal del gusto e intermodal entre el gusto y la visión

The geometry of mixing in 2-d time-periodic chaotic flows

This paper demonstrates that the geometry and topology of material lines in time-periodic chaotic flows is controlled by a global geometric property referred to as asymptotic directionality,. This property implies the existence of local asymptotic orientations at each point within the chaotic region determined by the unstable eigendirections of the Jacobian matrix of the n-period Poincare map associated with the flow. Asymptotic directionality also determines the topology of the invariant unstable manifolds of the Poincare map, which are everywhere tangent to the held of asymptotic eigendirections. This fact is used to derive simple non-perturbative methods for reconstructing the invariant unstable manifolds associated with a Poincare section to any desired level of detail. Since material lines evolved by a chaotic flow are asymptotically attracted to the geometric global unstable manifold of the flow (this concept is introduced in this article), such reconstructions can be used to characterize the topological and statistical properties of partially mixed structures quantitatively. Asymptotic directionality provides evidence of a global self-organizing structure characterizing physically realizable chaotic mixing systems which is analogous to that of Anosov diffeomorphisms, which turns out to represent the basic prototype of a mixing system. In this framework we show how partially mixed structures can be quantitatively characterized by a non-uniform stationary measure (different from the ergodic measure) associated with the dynamical system generated by the field of asymptotic unstable eigenvectors. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Non-uniform stationary measure properties of chaotic area-preserving dynamical systems

This article shows the existence of a non-uniform stationary measure (referred to as the w-invariant measure) associated with the space-filling properties of the unstable manifold and characterizing some statistical properties of chaotic two-dimensional area-preserving systems. The w-invariant measure, which differs from the ergodic measure and is non-uniform in general, plays a central role in the statistical characterization of chaotic fluid mixing systems, since several properties of partially mixed structures can be expressed as ensemble averages over the w-invariant measure. A closed-form expression for the w-invariant density is obtained for a class of mixing systems topologically conjugate with the linear toral automorphism. The physical implications in the theory of fluid mixing, and in the statistical characterization of chaotic Hamiltonian systems, are discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Los límites del modelo estándar acerca del componente semántico en el establecimiento de correspondencias analógicas

Se postula que el tratamiento dado al componente semántico en los programas dominantes del establecimiento de correspondencias analógico (e.g., SME) reduce la semántica a la influencia de similitudes preestablecidas sobre el emparejamiento de elementos proposicionales, y que la concepción teórica que subyace a este tratamiento supone importantes limitaciones. Se sostiene, junto a la teoría de percepción de alto nivel (TPAN), que los intentos de simulación computacional del establecimiento de correspondencias deberían proponerse incorporar en los programas habilidades semánticas tales como el establecimiento de similitudes contextuales y la construcción de representaciones de los análogos según las exigencias que plantea el establecimiento de correspondencias. Se apoya la idea de la TPAN de que programas como SME carecen de comprensión de las analogías que realizan y suponen un modo falaz de simulación computacional. Se postula que las respuestas dadas a las críticas formuladas por la TPAN no son adecuadas y que estas críticas deberían recibir mayor atención en el área del pensamiento por analogía

Invariant properties of a class of exactly solvable mixing transformations - a measure-theoretical approach to model the evolution of material lines advected by chaotic flows

This article analyzes the global invariant properties of a class of exactly solvable area-preserving mixing transformations of the two dimensional torus. Starting from the closed-form solution of the expanding sub-bundle, a nonuniform stationary measures μw (intrinsically different from the ergodic one) is derived analytically, providing a concrete example for which the connections between geometrical and measure-theoretical approaches to chaotic dynamics can be worked out explicitly. It is shown that the measure μw describes the nonuniform space-filling properties of material lines under the recursive action of the transformation. The implications of the results for physically realizable mixing systems are also addressed

The intermaterial area density generated by time- and spatially periodic 2D chaotic flows

This paper explores in some detail the spatial structure and the statistical properties of partially mixed structures evolving under the effects of a time-periodic chaotic flow. Numerical simulations are used to examine the evolution of the interface between two fluids, which grows exponentially with a rate equal to the topological entropy of the flow. Such growth is much faster than predicted by the Lyapunov exponent of the flow. As time increases, the partially mixed system develops into a self-similar structure. Frequency distributions of interface density corresponding to different times collapse onto an invariant curve by a simple homogeneous scaling. This scaling behavior is a direct consequence of the generic asymptotic directionality property characteristic of 2D time-periodic flows. Striation thickness distributions (STDs) also acquire a time-invariant shape after a few (similar to 5-10) periods of the flow and are collapsed onto a single curve by standardization. It is also shown that STDs can be accurately predicted from distributions of stretching values, thus providing an effective method for calculation of STDs in complex flows. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved