79 research outputs found

    Extensions of Functors From Set to V-cat

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    We show that for a commutative quantale V every functor from Set to V-cat has an enriched left-Kan extension. As a consequence, coalgebras over Set are subsumed by coalgebras over V-cat. Moreover, one can build functors on V-cat by equipping Set-functors with a metric

    Extending Set Functors to Generalised Metric Spaces

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    For a commutative quantale V, the category V-cat can be perceived as a category of generalised metric spaces and non-expanding maps. We show that any type constructor T (formalised as an endofunctor on sets) can be extended in a canonical way to a type constructor TV on V-cat. The proof yields methods of explicitly calculating the extension in concrete examples, which cover well-known notions such as the Pompeiu-Hausdorff metric as well as new ones. Conceptually, this allows us to to solve the same recursive domain equation X ≅ TX in different categories (such as sets and metric spaces) and we study how their solutions (that is, the final coalgebras) are related via change of base. Mathematically, the heart of the matter is to show that, for any commutative quantale V, the “discrete functor Set → V-cat from sets to categories enriched over V is V-cat-dense and has a density presentation that allows us to compute left-Kan extensions along D

    L'effet de l'intégration des TIC sur la motivation à apprendre la grammaire de l'anglais au collégial

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    La prĂ©sente Ă©tude de cas vise Ă  Ă©valuer l’effet des nouvelles technologies de l’information et communication (TIC) et notamment des sites internet dĂ©diĂ©s Ă  la grammaire (SIG) de l’anglais langue seconde (ALS) sur la motivation des Ă©tudiantes et Ă©tudiants de niveau III en ALS au collĂ©gial. Le cadre thĂ©orique Ă©laborĂ© prend en considĂ©ration trois Ă©lĂ©ments importants dĂ©rivĂ©s de notre objectif de recherche, notamment la motivation, l’enseignement explicite et les TIC. Notre recherche revient Ă  superposer ces trois concepts et observer l’effet des SIG sur la motivation des Ă©tudiantes et Ă©tudiants de niveau III Ă  apprendre la grammaire de l’ALS dans un contexte d’enseignement et d’apprentissage explicite. La mĂ©thodologie que nous avons choisie pour cette recherche est de type qualitatif, car nous chercherons Ă  analyser les perceptions des Ă©tudiantes et Ă©tudiants qui ont participĂ© Ă  l’étude de cas sur divers facteurs de motivation. Pour la collecte des donnĂ©es de notre Ă©tude, nous avons privilĂ©giĂ© la mĂ©thode des entrevues semi-dirigĂ©es auxquelles 9 Ă©tudiantes et Ă©tudiants provenant des cours du niveau III en ALS au collĂ©gial ont participĂ©. Le guide d’entrevue que nous avons construit en nous basant sur notre cadre de rĂ©fĂ©rence comporte 25 questions Ă  rĂ©ponses ouvertes. Cet instrument de collecte des donnĂ©es a Ă©tĂ© validĂ© et testĂ© avant son utilisation. L’analyse thĂ©matique du contenu a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© quatre thĂšmes en relation avec notre objectif de recherche. Les rĂ©sultats de l’analyse thĂ©matique des donnĂ©es nous ont permis de constater que les Ă©tudiantes et Ă©tudiants considĂšrent l’enseignement explicite de la grammaire de l’ALS comme Ă©tant nĂ©cessaire pour l’atteinte de leurs buts d’apprentissage. En ce qui concerne l’utilisation des SIG pour l’apprentissage de la grammaire de l’ALS, l’étude dĂ©montre un certain degrĂ© de dĂ©motivation causĂ©e par la rĂ©troaction implicite et la rĂ©pĂ©titivitĂ© des activitĂ©s d’apprentissage proposĂ©es sur les SIG. Ainsi, des sentiments de frustration et d’échecs rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©s influencent de façon nĂ©gative l’intĂ©rĂȘt des Ă©tudiantes et des Ă©tudiants pour l’activitĂ© d’apprentissage ainsi que leur perception de sa valeur. Par contre, en utilisant divers types d’exercices sur la mĂȘme structure, en combinaison avec la rĂ©troaction explicite sur les SIG, leur intĂ©rĂȘt augmente grĂące Ă  un sentiment de dĂ©fi et de nouveautĂ©. Aussi, les participantes et participants Ă  notre Ă©tude ont eu de forts sentiments d’autonomie grĂące Ă  l’apprentissage de la grammaire de l’ALS Ă  l’aide des SIG. Le fait de pouvoir choisir les SIG et les activitĂ©s d’apprentissage par eux-mĂȘmes leur donne une perception de contrĂŽle qui contribue Ă  augmenter leur motivation. Le sentiment d’autonomie est aussi influencĂ© positivement par la rĂ©troaction explicite. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent aussi que les SIG renforcent les sentiments d’auto-efficacitĂ© qui augmentent le niveau de motivation. En somme, nous pouvons conclure que l’utilisation des SIG pour l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de la grammaire de l’ALS a un effet positif sur la motivation si certaines conditions sont respectĂ©es

    ASSOCIATION OF CARIES EXPERIENCE WITH SOCIAL AND BEHAVIOURAL FACTORS AMONG ADULTS OF DIFFERENT AGES FROM IASI COUNTY, ROMANIA

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    The purpose of the present study is to determine the possible occurrence of SES disparity in caries experience (DMFT) in young adult and adult samples, and to establish whether differences in oral hygiene behaviors or preven‐ tive attitude can cause this disparity. Materials and method: A cross‐sectional study, conducted over 10 months in 2011, involved completion of a structured ques‐ tionnaire with information about the demographic profile, educational status, income, occupation, dental visits, rea‐ son of the visits, oral hygiene practices, dietary habits, underlying systemic diseases, smoking. Oral health status was obtained through clinical examination, using the World Health Organization (WHO) oral health assessment form (Basic Oral Health Surveys, 1997). The examination was conducted by a single, trained, calibrated examiner (dentist). Results: The study was conducted on a sample group formed of 327 young adults (229 females and 98 males; mean age: 21.99 years, SD: 2.30) with ages between 18‐26 years, and on 161 adults (97 females and 64 males; mean age: 34.96 years, SD: 5.59) with ages between 27‐ 45 years. The prevalence of dental caries in young adults was 96.3% (females: 72.7%, males: 27.3%). The mean value of DMFT/S for females and males was 8.24 (4.99)/13.67 (8.86), and 7.02 (6.15)/11.77 (10.70), respectively. Signifi‐ cant differences were observed in caries prevalence and experience between sexes (p<0.05). The prevalence of den‐ tal caries in adults was 97.5% (females: 61.8%, males: 38.2%). The mean value of DMFT/S for females and males was 9.44 (4.32)/16.86 (10.40) and 8.45 (5.19)/15.64 (12.02), respectively. No significant difference was noticed in the prevalence between sexes (p<0.05). The authors found out that the mean values of caries experience (DMF) and of decayed and missing components have a significant incre‐ ase in subjects with medium and low SES levels, compara‐ tively with those with a high SES level. Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries registred high values in both groups. Oral health behaviors were found to be highly associated with the socio‐economic level of young adults, while the most recent dental visit and tooth‐brushing frequency were not significantly associated with SES in the case of adults
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