Sensitivity of urolithiasis detection using urinary, radiography and ultrasound parameters

Although many information has been published regarding canine urolithiasis, sensitivity of radiography, ultrasound and urinary parameters have been poorly correlated with number, size, and composition of the stones. One hundred and thirteen clinical files of dogs with diagnosis of urolithiasis were retrospectively selected. Information regarding number, appearance, location, size, and composition of the stones were noted after surgical removed. Urolithiasis data was compared with radiographs and ultrasound images and urinalysis parameters. Pure struvite was found in 42.4% and calcium oxalate in 35.6%. Survey radiographs enabled the detection of radiopaque stones and when an ultrasound examination was also performed, the sensitivity was increased. Double contrast radiography enabled identification in 100% of radiolucent stones, and allowed for size measurement and number counts in 76.9% of radiolucent stones. Crystalluria had low sensitivity (31.5%) and specificity (58.8%). Hematuria (96.3%) and leukocyturia (61.1%) were the most common parameters found. We concluded that double contrast radiography can be considered the method of choice for detection of radiolucent stones. Crystalluria is not a good parameter to detect or predict type of stone. Hematuria and leukocyturia, although non-specific findings, can be used as triage for investigation of urolithiasis

Fraturas de rádio e ulna em cães no período de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2011

Fraturas são afecções comuns no atendimento de rotina de pequenos animais em Medicina Veterinária. A radiografia, parte do exame ortopédico, é essencial para a confirmação do diagnóstico, classificação da fratura e para auxiliar na escolha e no acompanhamento do tratamento. As fraturas de rádio e ulna são as terceiras mais frequentes em cães. Estudos retrospectivos de fraturas de rádio e ulna são escassos e com este trabalho objetivou-se reavaliar os casos de fraturas destes ossos em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, entre o período de Janeiro de 2001 a Dezembro de 2011, para estabelecer a ocorrência dos tipos de fraturas, dos dados do paciente, os métodos de correção utilizados e as complicações mais comuns decorrentes da osteossíntese. Um total de 310 fraturas de rádio e ulna foram avaliadas. As mais comuns foram completas, transversas, fechadas e localizadas em diáfise distal de rádio e ulna. Cães de raças pequenas, pesando até 5 kg, e das raças pinscher, poodle e terrier brasileiro foram os mais acometidos. A faixa etária mais frequente foi a de cães adultos, acima de 12 meses. Quedas ou pulos e atropelamentos foram as principais causas de fraturas. O uso de fixador externo resultou no maior número de casos de união retardada. Não houve diferença significativa para os casos de malunião e não união ossea entre os diferentes tratamentos realizados. A complicação mais comum foi osteólise nos pacientes tratados com placa e fixador externo e osteopenia e degeneração iatrogênica do carpo nos tratados com pino intramedular. Espera-se que este estudo possa servir como referência para estudo avançados com a busca de novos implantes e técnicas em ortopedia veterinária e para a seleção de pacientes para estudos prospectivosFractures are commonly seen in veterinary medicine practice. Radiography is part of the orthopedic exam and is essential for confirmation of diagnosis, classification of fracture and assists in choosing and monitoring treatment. Radius and ulna fractures are the third most frequent in dogs. Retrospective studies regarding this subject are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate cases of radius and ulna fractures in dogs treated at the Veterinary Hospital at FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, from January 2001 to December 2011, to establish the frequency of fracture types, patient data, repair methods and most common complications following osteosynthesis. A total of 310 radius and ulna fractures were evaluated. The most common types of fracture were complete, transverse, closed and located in the distal shaft. Small dogs weighing up to 5 kg and pinscher, poodle and brazilian terrier breeds were the most affected. Adult dogs, over 12 months old, were the most frequent age group. Falls or jumps and motor vehicle trauma were the main causes of fractures. External fixator yielded the highest number of delayed union. There was no differences between malunion and nonunion between the different treatments. The most common complication was osteolises in dogs treated with bone plate and external fixator, and osteopenia with iatrogenic carpal degeneration in those treated with intramedullary pin. We hope this study can serve as reference for advanced research in Veterinary Orthopedics, as in discoveries of new implants and techniques, and for the selection of patients in prospective studie

Left lateral radiographic projections using positive contrast tests and double contrast when 12 uroliths were inserted into the bladder.

In (A) 5% positive contrast, showing easier visualization of uroliths; (B) 10% positive contrast; (C) 20% positive contrast; (D) double contrast 1; (E) double contrast 2; (F) double contrast 3.</p

Sensitivity and specificity tests, accuracy, positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in the evaluation of 86 radiographic images of dogs submitted to positive and double-contrast cystography at different contrast concentrations.

Sensitivity and specificity tests, accuracy, positive predictive values (PPV), negative predictive values (NPV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in the evaluation of 86 radiographic images of dogs submitted to positive and double-contrast cystography at different contrast concentrations.</p

Raw data.

(DOCX)</p