Illegal vehicles modification: the needs to reform the delegations of enforcement power/ Amier Fitri Abdul Rahim…[et al.]

People usually modified their vehicles with the purpose to make their vehicles to have an outstanding feature. As a result, the vehicle modifications grew to the extent that, it becomes extreme modification. There are certain modifications which are allowed by the authority. However, most of the modification done nowadays is not approve by the authority because they find it is unsuitable and dangerous. This unapproved modification can be regarded as illegal modifications by the authority. The Road Transport Department has identified high number of cases regarding the illegal modified cars and motorcycles in Peninsular Malaysia, which have been compounded. ITic purpose of this research is to study the enforcement conducted by the authority relevant to this matter. This project paper is based on an analysis of the legal statutes on illegal vehicle modifications which have been used as an authority. Our research is concerning a legal study on the need to reform the jurisdiction to enforce the Guidelines of Illegal Vehicles Modifications in Malaysia. Road Transport Act 1987, together with Motor Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1959 will be analysed as a mechanism in solving illegal vehicle modifications in this country. Our project paper provides the recommendation to reform the jurisdiction to enforce the guidelines of illegal vehicles modifications in Malaysia

Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Apis dorsata Honey Against Morphine Tolerance: An in-vivo Study

Background: To determine the effects of Apis dorsata honey on the development of morphine tolerance and oxidative stress in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley rats were injected (subcutaneous) with 10 mg/kg of morphine following oral administration of A. dorsata honey (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5g/kg). On day 15, the rats were euthanized, and the thalamus, spinal cord, and hippocampus were homogenized to assess iNOS and MDA using ELISA kits.Results: The honey of A. dorsata significantly prevented morphine tolerance to analgesia in the hotplate test on Day 14 (p<0.05). The biochemical assessment showed that A. dorsata honey significantly reduced MDA formation in the brain regions compared to the morphine control group at dose 2.5g/kg. Elevation of iNOS caused by chronic morphine intake was reduced in A. dorsata honey co-treatment. Conclusion: This study suggests the therapeutic role of A. dorsata honey in preventing morphine tolerance via inhibition of oxidative stress