835 research outputs found
Quantum Effects in Black Hole Interiors
The Weyl curvature inside a black hole formed in a generic collapse grows,
classically without bound, near to the inner horizon, due to partial absorption
and blueshifting of the radiative tail of the collapse. Using a spherical
model, we examine how this growth is modified by quantum effects of conformally
coupled massless fields.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure (not included), RevTe
The rate of leukocyte telomere shortening predicts mortality from cardiovascular disease in elderly men
Telomere length (TL) has been proposed as a marker of
mitotic cell age and as a general index of human organismic aging. Short
absolute leukocyte telomere length has been linked to
cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to test
whether the rate of change in leukocyte TL is related to mortality in a
healthy elderly cohort. We examined a subsample of 236 randomly selected
Caucasian participants from the MacArthur Health Aging Study (aged 70 to 79
years). DNA samples from baseline and 2.5 years later were assayed for
mean TL of leukocytes. Percent change in TL was calculated as a measure of
TL change (TLC). Associations between TL and TLC with 12-year overall and
cardiovascular mortality were assessed. Over the 2.5 year period, 46% of
the study participants showed maintenance of mean bulk TL, whereas 30%
showed telomere shortening, and, unexpectedly, 24% showed telomere
lengthening. For women, short baseline TL was related to greater mortality
from cardiovascular disease (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.0 - 5.3). For men, TLC
(specifically shortening), but not baseline TL, was related to greater
cardiovascular mortality, OR = 3.0 (95% CI: 1.1 - 8.2). This is the first
demonstration that rate of telomere length change (TLC) predicts mortality
and thus may be a useful prognostic factor for longevity
Artificial Intelligence in Fetal Resting-State Functional MRI Brain Segmentation: A Comparative Analysis of 3D UNet, VNet, and HighRes-Net Models
Introduction: Fetal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging
(rs-fMRI) is a rapidly evolving field that provides valuable insight into brain
development before birth. Accurate segmentation of the fetal brain from the
surrounding tissue in nonstationary 3D brain volumes poses a significant
challenge in this domain. Current available tools have 0.15 accuracy. Aim: This
study introduced a novel application of artificial intelligence (AI) for
automated brain segmentation in fetal brain fMRI, magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI). Open datasets were employed to train AI models, assess their
performance, and analyze their capabilities and limitations in addressing the
specific challenges associated with fetal brain fMRI segmentation. Method: We
utilized an open-source fetal functional MRI (fMRI) dataset consisting of 160
cases (reference: fetal-fMRI - OpenNeuro). An AI model for fMRI segmentation
was developed using a 5-fold cross-validation methodology. Three AI models were
employed: 3D UNet, VNet, and HighResNet. Optuna, an automated
hyperparameter-tuning tool, was used to optimize these models. Results and
Discussion: The Dice scores of the three AI models (VNet, UNet, and
HighRes-net) were compared, including a comparison between manually tuned and
automatically tuned models using Optuna. Our findings shed light on the
performance of different AI models for fetal resting-state fMRI brain
segmentation. Although the VNet model showed promise in this application,
further investigation is required to fully explore the potential and
limitations of each model, including the HighRes-net model. This study serves
as a foundation for further extensive research into the applications of AI in
fetal brain fMRI segmentation
Hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 (Gpnmb/Osteoactivin) is a biomarker of progressive renal injury across species
We sought to find a urinary biomarker for chronic kidney disease and tested hematopoietic growth factor inducible neurokinin-1 (HGFIN, also known as Gpnmb/Osteoactivin) as it was found to be a kidney injury biomarker in microarray studies. Here, we studied whether HGFIN is a marker of kidney disease progression. Its increase in kidney disease was confirmed by real-time PCR after 5/6 nephrectomy, in streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and in patients with chronic kidney disease. In the remnant kidney, HGFIN mRNA increased over time reflecting lesion chronicity. HGFIN was identified in the infarct portion of the remnant kidney in infiltrating hematopoietic interstitial cells, and in distal nephron tubules of the viable remnant kidney expressed de novo with increasing time. In vitro, it localized to cytoplasmic vesicles and cell membranes. Epithelial cells lining distal tubules and sloughed luminal tubule cells of patients expressed HGFIN protein. The urine HGFIN-to-creatinine ratio increased over time after 5/6 nephrectomy; increased in patients with proteinuric and polycystic kidney disease; and remained detectable in urine after prolonged freezer storage. The urine HGFIN-to-creatinine ratio compared favorably with the urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)-to-creatinine ratio (both measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)), and correlated strongly with proteinuria, but weakly with estimated glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine. Thus, HGFIN may be a biomarker of progressive kidney disease
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