Age at marriage and fertility in Java-Bali : a question of natural or controlled fertility

It is widely recognized that the level of fertility of women in Java is on the average lower than is found in most developing societies. Studies carried out in two villages in Yogyakarta have found that traditional practices such as prolonged breastfeeding, longer post-parturn abstinence and sexual taboos prevailed in these villages. These may lead to the impression that the low level of fertility of the Javanese women was achieved under a controlled fertility situation. In this study, an examination of fertility by age at marriage of once married women aged 40+ in Java-Bali, in 1976, has shown evidence that as compared to Henry's pattern of natural fertility, the level of fecundity of Java-Bali women was lower. The length of the first birth interval for women married very young was very high. Women who married after age 20 years reached their fourth birth sooner than those who married younger, which is evidence of of a 'catching up' effect. Further examination however, has shown that this result is due to the fact that these women in the early years of marriage were in the stage of peak fecundity. It was not the result of deliberate fertility planning. These women reached the stage of late subfecundity before they attained further births, while women who married younger have a much longer childbearing period to achieve their last birth. As a consequence, women who married younger had more exposure time and produced 6.4 children as compared to their counterparts who married older who had only 3 children. It is concluded that this is evidence of a natural fertility situation, that is according to Henry, fertility which is achieved in the absence of deliberate fertility control

The construction of a small-family norm in Java

The thesis question arises from findings that responses on ideal family size asked in the 1976 Indonesia Fertility Survey and the 1987 National Indonesia Contraceptive Prevalence Survey suffer from bias toward respondents’ number of children, and the suspicion that they merely reflect societal norms rather than personal ideals. But when statements on ideal family size between the two surveys are compared, there is an indication of changing attitudes toward smaller family size observable across all age groups of women leading to a speculation that a new norm of smaller family size must have been introduced to women in Java. While the standard theory hypothesized that fertility decline is preceded by changes in fertility preference, this thesis provides evidence that family size preference of women in Java changes along with the increasing practice of contraception and the fertility decline. The family planning program which was initiated in 1968 was able to provide chances for women to experience the benefit of using contraception and having fewer children. The campaign of ‘stop-at-two’ changed the people’s perception from ‘family size was not a matter for choice’ to ‘numeracy about children’ and to accepting the family size of two or three children. This thesis concludes that the small-family norm in Java was constructed and introduced to the people rather than emerging because of the modernization process. The ideal family size in Java has changed from a socially determined large-family size to a socially determined small-family size of two or three children. The growing tendency for younger women to use contraception for spacing and stopping at two or three children suggests that individual small family size determination is under way

Pengaruh Variabel Sosio-Demografis Terhadap Mobilitas Ulang-Alik Di Jabodetabek

This study aims to explain the effect of socio-demographic variables i.e. sex, wage, employment status, and marital status on commuting in Jabodetabek. The result of binary logistic regression using Sakernas 2012 shows that male are more likely to commute than female. Male in formal sector have the highest probability to commute while by marital status, unmarried male have the highest probability to commute. The level of wage is positively related with the probability to commute although at certain level of wage, an increase in wage increases probability to commute among male lower than probability to commute among female

Inter-regional migration in Indonesia:a micro approach

We study the extent to which the likelihood of specific types of migration in Indonesia varies by the situation in the labour market and family life course. We distinguish migration types according to origin and destination (Jakarta, other metropolitan areas, and non-metropolitan areas). For migration from Jakarta, we also distinguish migration to other metropolitan areas within commuting distance. As expected, we find that young adults are the most mobile category. As an exception, migration from Jakarta to nearby metro areas was just as likely for ages 30–54 as for ages 23–29. Our findings suggest that migration to Jakarta and other metropolitan areas, in particular, is most likely undertaken for better education or jobs. Married people are more likely than others to leave Jakarta for nearby metropolitan areas

Cigarette Smoking in Indonesia: Examination of a Myopic Model of Addictive Behaviour

Using aggregated panel data taken from three waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993–2000), this article tests the myopic addiction behaviour of cigarette demand. Sensitivity analysis is done by examining a rational addiction behavior of cigarette demand. The results provide support for myopic addiction. The short- and long-run price elasticities of cigarette demand are estimated at −0.28 and −0.73 respectively. Excise taxes are more likely to act as an effective tobacco control in the long-run rather than a major source of government revenue

Demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors affecting fertility differentials in Nepal

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Traditionally Nepalese society favors high fertility. Children are a symbol of well-being both socially and economically. Although fertility has been decreasing in Nepal since 1981, it is still high compared to many other developing countries. This paper is an attempt to examine the demographic, socio-economic, and cultural factors for fertility differentials in Nepal.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This paper has used data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS 2006). The analysis is confined to ever married women of reproductive age (8,644). Both bivariate and multivariate analyses have been performed to describe the fertility differentials. The bivariate analysis (one-way ANOVA) was applied to examine the association between children ever born and women's demographic, socio-economic, and cultural characteristics. Besides bivariate analysis, the net effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable after controlling for the effect of other predictors has also been measured through multivariate analysis (multiple linear regressions).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean numbers of children ever born (CEB) among married Nepali women of reproductive age and among women aged 40-49 were three and five children, respectively. There are considerable differentials in the average number of children ever born according to women's demographic, socio-economic, and cultural settings. Regression analysis revealed that age at first marriage, perceived ideal number of children, place of residence, literacy status, religion, mass media exposure, use of family planning methods, household headship, and experience of child death were the most important variables that explained the variance in fertility. Women who considered a higher number of children as ideal (β = 0.03; p < 0.001), those who resided in rural areas (β = 0.02; p < 0.05), Muslim women (β = 0.07; p < 0.001), those who had ever used family planning methods (β = 0.08; p < 0.001), and those who had a child-death experience (β = 0.31; p < 0.001) were more likely to have a higher number of CEB compared to their counterparts. On the other hand, those who married at a later age (β = -0.15; p < 0.001), were literate (β = -0.05; p < 0.001), were exposed to both (radio/TV) mass media (β = -0.05; p < 0.001), were richest (β = -0.12; p < 0.001), and were from female-headed households (β = -0.02; p < 0.05) had a lower number of children ever born than their counterparts.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The average number of children ever born is high among women in Nepal. There are many contributing factors for the high fertility, among which are age at first marriage, perceived ideal number of children, literacy status, mass media exposure, wealth status, and child-death experience by mothers. All of these were strong predictors for CEB. It can be concluded that programs should aim to reduce fertility rates by focusing on these identified factors so that fertility as well as infant and maternal mortality and morbidity will be decreased and the overall well-being of the family maintained and enhanced.</p

Dasar-dasar Demografi

304 hlm.; 26 c