Optimization of Ethylene Glycol Plant Heat Exchanger Network with Non-Catalytic Hydration Process from Ethylene Oxide

Heat integration is a method to increase energy efficiency in a series of processes by utilizing the energy potential of other process units, so that Maximum Energy Recovery (MER) will be achieved. One way to perform heat integration is through the design of a heat exchanger network (HEN). The HEN design simulation in this study was carried out in an ethylene glycol plant where in the process there is still a lot of wasted and unused heat. After the HEN simulation was applied, it was found that the heating value decreased by 59% from the existing condition, while the cooling value decreased by 79% from the existing condition. This causes the operation cost for utilities to decrease drastically but increase the capital cost due to the addition of 2 heat exchangers

Characterization of Hydroxyapatite From Kupang Shells and Its Synthesis with Polycaprolactone for 3D Printing Filament

The number of deaths or fatalities due to accidents in Indonesia is increasing. In addition, traffic accidents can cause serious injuries such as damage to the skull. The bone implantation technique currently used is an autograft, but this technique has some limitations. This limitation of autograft can be overwhelmed with synthetic bone implants, one of which uses a mixture of Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Hydroxyapatite (HAp). A combination of HAp and PCL is recommended because the two materials complement each other's weaknesses and can increase elasticity and quality to produce suitable filaments for 3D printing processes. This study used hydroxyapatite from Kupang Shells by calcination and precipitation methods. Then do the test XRF, XRD, FTIR, and SEM to determine the quality. The results showed that HAp synthesized from Kupang Shells had potential characteristics as bone implants. Next, two methods were used to mix PCL with HAp as a 3D printing filament for bone implants: the dry and wet methods. After that, it is analyzed with SEM and Mechanical Strength. The results of the SEM test of HAp particles in the wet method have more even distribution and a smoother surface than in the dry method. The impact is visible on the filament's mechanical test, which shows better results in the wet method

Optimasi Jaringan Heat Exchanger Pabrik Etilen Glikol Dengan Proses Hidrasi Non Katalitik Dari Etilen Oksida Dengan Kapasitas 100.000 Ton/Tahun

Etilen glikol merupakan cairan jenuh, tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, berasa manis dan larut sempurna dalam air dengan rumus kimia C2H6O2. Sebesar 97% etilen glikol juga digunakan sebagai bahan utama dalam industri poliester (tekstil). Sedangkan 3%, etilen glikol digunakan sebagai bahan pembuatan cat, minyak rem, solven, alkil resin, tinta cetak, tinta bolpoint, foam stabilizer, kosmetik, dan bahan anti beku. Alasan pendirian pabrik etilen glikol di Indonesia adalah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri yang semakin meningkat dari tahun per tahun namun satu-satunya major producer etilen glikol di Indonesia sampai saat ini hanya PT. Polychem Indo Tbk. Proses pembuatan etilen glikol yang umum digunakan ada 2 cara yaitu proses hidrolisis etilen oksida dan hidrolisis etilen oksida melalui etilen karbonat. Setelah dilakukan perbandingan antara kedua proses tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses hidrolisis etilen glikol langsung memiliki lebih banyak keunggulan. Sehingga, proses hidrolisis etilen glikol langsung dipilih sebagai proses utama dalam produksi etilen glikol. Proses produksi etilen glikol terbagi dalam 2 tahap yaitu tahap pembuatan etilen glikol dengan cara mereaksikan etilen oksida dengan air menjadi etilen glikol kemudian tahap pemurnian produk etilen dengan cara dipisahkan dari produk-produk sampingnya yaitu dietilen glikol dan trietilen glikol. Lokasi pabrik etilen glikol yang akan didirikan di Kawasan Cilegon, Banten dengan pertimbangan ketersediaan bahan baku, konsumen, dan transportasi. Laba bersih yang diperoleh sebesar Rp.156.417.168.904,62/tahun. Didapatkan BEP sebesar 35%. Efisiensi yang dilakukan yaitu dengan integrasi panas menggunakan heat exchanger network untuk merancang jaringan sistem penukar panas diperlukan analisis beban pemanasan dan beban pendinginan terhadap fluida dingin yang akan dipanaskan dan fluida panas yang akan didinginkan. Dari efisiensi yang telah dilakukan dapat menhemat energi eksternal heating kondisi exisiting menurun dari 3.631 kW menjadi 1.525 kW pada kondisi retrofit. Energi eksternal cooling kondisi exisiting sebesar 2.668 kW turun menjadi 562,3 kW pada kondisi retrofit. Hal ini dapat menghemat ongkos utilitas hingga Rp. 1.413.779.030.030,47 per tahunnya ======================================================================================================================================== Ethylene glycol is a saturated liquid, colorless, odorless, sweet in taste and completely soluble in water with the chemical formula C2H6O2. 97% ethylene glycol is also used as the main material in the polyester (textile) industry. While 3%, ethylene glycol is used as an ingredient in paints, brake fluid, solvents, alkyl resins, printing inks, ballpoint inks, foam stabilizers, cosmetics, and anti-freeze agents. The reason for establishing an ethylene glycol factory in Indonesia is to meet the increasing domestic demand from year to year. However, the only major producer of ethylene glycol in Indonesia to date is only PT. Polychem Indo Tbk. There are 2 ways to make ethylene glycol, namely the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide and the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide through ethylene carbonate. After comparing the two processes, it can be concluded that the direct hydrolysis of ethylene glycol has more advantages. Thus, the direct hydrolysis of ethylene glycol was chosen as the main process in the production of ethylene glycol. The ethylene glycol production process is divided into 2 stages, namely the stage of making ethylene glycol by reacting ethylene oxide with water to produce ethylene glycol, then the stage of purification of the ethylene product by separating it from its by products, namely diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol. The location of the ethylene glycol factory to be established in the Cilegon area, Banten with consideration of the availability of raw materials, consumers, and transportation. The net profit obtained is Rp. Rp.156.417.168.904,62/year. Get BEP of 35%. Efficiency is carried out by integrating heat using a heat exchanger network. To design a heat exchanger system network, it is necessary to analyze the heating load and cooling load on the cold fluid to be heated and the hot fluid to be cooled. From the efficiency that has been done, it can save external heating energy in existing conditions, decreasing from 3,631 kW to 1,525 kW in retrofit conditions. External energy cooling in the existing condition of 2,668 kW decreased to 562.3 kW in the retrofit condition. This can save utility costs up to Rp. 1,413,779,030,030.47 per yea