Tratamento de semente e aplicação foliar de fungicidas para o controle da ferrugem-da-soja

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of soybean seed treatment with fluquinconazole and foliar fungicide application on soybean rust management, in three sowing dates, during the 2007/2008 growing season, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a factorial arrangement of 2x5 (with two treatments of seeds with fluquinconazole, and five foliar fungicide applications) in the first sowing time, and of 2x6 in the second and third sowing time. The parameters evaluated were: the area under disease progress curve, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and yield. There was no significant interaction between seed treatment with fluquinconazole and fungicide mixture in foliar applications. Seed treatment with fluquinconazole did not delay the disease progress, and showed no significant difference from treatment without fluquinconazole for sowing time or any other parameter evaluated. The NDVI showed high correlation with disease severity and yield, in all sowing times. Yield response for time and the interval of application varied according to sowing dates and the time of disease onset.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do tratamento de semente de soja com fluquinconazol e da aplicação foliar de fungicidas no manejo da ferrugem-da-soja, em três épocas de semeadura, na safra 2007/2008, em Londrina, PR. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x5, com dois tratamentos de semente com fluquinconazol e cinco aplicações de misturas de fungicidas na primeira época de semeadura. Na segunda e na terceira época o arranjo fatorial foi de 2x6. Avaliou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, o índice vegetativo por diferença normalizada (NDVI) e a produtividade. Não se verificou interação significativa entre o tratamento de semente com fluquinconazol e os tratamentos de mistura de fungicidas aplicados na parte aérea. O tratamento de semente com fluquinconazol não atrasou a evolução da doença e não apresentou diferença significativa com o tratamento sem fluquinconazol, em nenhuma das épocas e variáveis analisadas. O NDVI apresentou alta correlação com as avaliações de severidade e produtividade, em todas as épocas de semeadura. A resposta em produtividade, em conseqüência da época e do intervalo de aplicação, variou de acordo com a época de semeadura e com o momento da incidência da doença

An alternative procedure in the tetrazolium test for soybean seed

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um procedimento alternativo para redução do período de precondicionamento de sementes de soja no teste de tetrazólio. Foram empregados dois tamanhos de sementes de doze cultivares de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], produzidas em Londrina, PR, em 1993 e 1994. Os tratamentos utilizados foram dois períodos de embebição (quatro horas e seis horas) na temperatura de 41oC, tendo como testemunha o procedimento-padrão de dezesseis horas, a 25oC. Os parâmetros usados para avaliar os tratamentos foram o vigor [TZ (1-3)], a viabilidade [TZ (1-5)], a deterioração por umidade [TZ (6-8)], o dano mecânico [TZ (6-8)], as lesões por percevejos [TZ (6-8)] e o teor de água das sementes. O período de seis horas a 41oC propiciou condições adequadas de coloração das sementes, o que permitiu a avaliação e interpretação do vigor, da viabilidade, da deterioração por umidade, do dano mecânico e das lesões por percevejos. Usando-se seis horas de precondicionamento a 41oC, há uma redução de dez horas na execução do teste, em comparação ao procedimento atualmente recomendado, sem compremeter a precisão requerida.The aim of this work was to develop an alternative procedure for reducing the soybean seed preconditioning in the tetrazolium test. Two imbibition periods (four and six hours) at 41oC were tested and compared to the traditionally recommended period for preconditioning of 16 hours at 25 ºC. Seeds of twelve cultivars were used, and classified into two sizes. The parameters used were: vigor [TZ (1-3)]; viability [TZ (1-5)]; weathering [TZ (6-8)]; mechanical damage [TZ (6-8)]; stink bug damage [TZ (6-8)]; and seed moisture content. The staining pattern developed on the seeds after a preconditioning period of six hours at 41 ºC is suitable for the evaluation of the quality of soybean seeds by the tetrazolium test. Seed preconditioning procedures for the tetrazolium test evaluated in this experiment were not affected by the size of soybean seeds; the 6 hour/41oC treatment reduces the period of preconditioning by ten hours when compared to the recommended procedures of 16 hours at 25ºC. To sum up, in the tetrazolium test for soybean seeds, the preconditioning conditions of 6 hour/41oC can be used successfully, without impairing the precision required by the test

Tratamento de semente e aplicação foliar de fungicidas para o controle da ferrugem-da-soja Seed treatment and foliar fungicide application to control soybean rust

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do tratamento de semente de soja com fluquinconazol e da aplicação foliar de fungicidas no manejo da ferrugem-da-soja, em três épocas de semeadura, na safra 2007/2008, em Londrina, PR. O delineamento foi o de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x5, com dois tratamentos de semente com fluquinconazol e cinco aplicações de misturas de fungicidas na primeira época de semeadura. Na segunda e na terceira época o arranjo fatorial foi de 2x6. Avaliou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, o índice vegetativo por diferença normalizada (NDVI) e a produtividade. Não se verificou interação significativa entre o tratamento de semente com fluquinconazol e os tratamentos de mistura de fungicidas aplicados na parte aérea. O tratamento de semente com fluquinconazol não atrasou a evolução da doença e não apresentou diferença significativa com o tratamento sem fluquinconazol, em nenhuma das épocas e variáveis analisadas. O NDVI apresentou alta correlação com as avaliações de severidade e produtividade, em todas as épocas de semeadura. A resposta em produtividade, em conseqüência da época e do intervalo de aplicação, variou de acordo com a época de semeadura e com o momento da incidência da doença.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of soybean seed treatment with fluquinconazole and foliar fungicide application on soybean rust management, in three sowing dates, during the 2007/2008 growing season, in Londrina, PR, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a factorial arrangement of 2x5 (with two treatments of seeds with fluquinconazole, and five foliar fungicide applications) in the first sowing time, and of 2x6 in the second and third sowing time. The parameters evaluated were: the area under disease progress curve, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and yield. There was no significant interaction between seed treatment with fluquinconazole and fungicide mixture in foliar applications. Seed treatment with fluquinconazole did not delay the disease progress, and showed no significant difference from treatment without fluquinconazole for sowing time or any other parameter evaluated. The NDVI showed high correlation with disease severity and yield, in all sowing times. Yield response for time and the interval of application varied according to sowing dates and the time of disease onset

Physiological potential of soybean seeds treated in the industry with and without the application of dry powder

Abstract: In soybean crops, industrial seed treatment is widely adopted, and it has allowed the development of new technologies, such as the use of dry powders. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of the industrial treatment, with and without the additional application of dry powder, on the physiological potential of soybean seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4×2 factorial scheme, with four replications. Four chemical treatments were evaluated: 1) control, 2) carbendazim + thiram + thiamethoxam, 3) carbendazim + thiram, 4) thiamethoxam. Each trial was divided into one group that was treated and the other that remained untreated with the dry powder. The cultivars BRS 360 RR and BRS 284 were used and analyzed separately. The physiological potential of the seeds was determined by the following assessments: germination, first germination count, seedling emergence in sand, seedling total length, shoot length, and root length. Soybean cultivars respond differently to seed chemical treatments, regarding the effects on physiological potential. Using the dry powder results in problems in seed germination speed in the cultivar BRS 284. In the cultivar BRS 360 RR, the use of dry powder associated with thiamethoxam treatment reduces the physiological potential of the seeds

Treatment with fungicides and insecticides on the physiological quality and health of wheat seeds

Seed treatment with insecticides and fungicides has become an important practice for ensuring initial plant stand in establishing crops. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chemical seed treatment with insecticides and fungicides on the physiological quality and health of the seeds of wheat cultivars. Seeds of the wheat cultivars BRS Pardela and BRS Gaivota were used, subjected to the following chemical treatments: 1- control, 2- carboxin + thiram + imidacloprid + thiodicarb, 3- carbendazim + thiram + imidacloprid + thiodicarb, 4- fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin, 5- triadimenol + imidacloprid + thiodicarb, 6- fipronil, and 7- imidacloprid + thiodicarb. Physiological quality was evaluated by tests of germination, accelerated aging, the length and dry weight of shoots and roots, and seedling emergence in the field. Seed health quality was evaluated by the blotter test method. The seeds of the wheat cultivars tested respond differently to the chemical treatments in regard to effects on germination and vigor. The treatment with triadimenol + imidacloprid + thiodicarb is harmful to seedling development. For the BRS Gaivota cultivar, the seed treatment with carboxin + thiram + imidacloprid + thiodicarb; and carbendazim + thiram + imidacloprid + thiodicarb improved seedling establishment in the field compared to the control

Effects of phosphine fumigation on the quality of soybean seeds

Fumigation is a technique employed to eliminate insect pests in stored seeds by using gas. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of the gas phosphine on germination and on vigor (accelerated aging and seedling length) of soybean seeds. Soybean seeds of two cultivars with two vigor levels were used. Each treatment was replicated four times and each experimental unit consisted of two kilograms of seeds, which were placed in individual 1 m³ gas-tight capacity chambers with phosphine. The concentrations used were 1.0; 2.0 and 3.0 g PH3.m-3, achieved by applying 3.0; 6.0 and 9.0 g of Fertox® commercial formulation. During seven days, the phosphine gas concentration within each chamber was monitored using the Silochek® gas meter. After this period, the chambers were opened, the seeds were removed and the quality analyses were performed. Throughout the experiment, PH3 concentrations in the chambers remained at the concentrations required for the elimination of all life stages of insect pests of stored seed. Even in the lowest dosage, the gas concentration remained above 400 ppm that is considered the minimum concentration for eliminating insect pests. No detrimental effects were detected on the physiological quality of the fumigated seeds

Spray volumes in the industrial treatment on the physiological quality of soybean seeds with different levels of vigor

Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different spray volumes, via industrial treatment, on the physiological quality of soybean seeds with different levels of vigor. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factor scheme, with four replications. Factors consisted in two levels of seed vigor (high and low) and five spray volumes (0, 600, 1200, 1800 and 2400 mL. 100 kg-1). Products used to obtain the volumes were: fungicide (carbendazin + thiram); insecticide (imidacloprid + thiodicarb); nematicide (abamectin); micronutrients (cobalt, molybdenum and zinc); polymer (peridiam); biostimulants (kinetin + gibberellic acid) and inoculum (Bradyrhizobium japonicum). The used cultivars were BRS 360 RR and BRS 1010 IPRO. The physiological seed quality was determined by the following evaluations: germination, first count of the germination test, seedling emergence in sand, emergency speed index, total length of shoot and root of the seedlings. In the different spray volumes, high vigor soybean seeds have higher physiological quality than low vigor seeds. The increased spray volumes in seed treatments reduce the physiological quality of low vigor soybean seeds