A Procedure to Construct Exact Solutions of Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations

We use the fractional transformation to convert the nonlinear partial fractional differential equations with the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The Exp-function method is extended to solve fractional partial differential equations in the sense of the modified Riemann-Liouville derivative. We apply the Exp-function method to the time fractional Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation, the space fractional Burgers equation, and the time fractional fmKdV equation. As a result, we obtain some new exact solutions

İzmir Körfezi'nden (Urla) toplanan kahverengi (Halopteris scoparia Sauvageau), yeşil (Enteromorpha linza J. Agardh ) ve kırmızı alg (Gracilaria gracilis M. Steentoft, L. M. Irvine & W. F. Farnham) türlerinin hekzan, kloroform ve metanol ekstrelerinin biyolojik aktiviteleri ve protektif etkilerinin incelenmesi

Makroalglerde pek çok stratejik görevi üstlenen sekonder metabolitlerin aktiviteleri günümüze kadar pekçok çalışmaya konu olmuştur. Mevcut çalışmamızda, Ege kıyılarında zengin dağılış gösteren farklı karakteristikteki alg ekstrelerine ait biyolojik aktivitelerin (antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antimutajenik, antianjiyogenik, antimutajenik ve protektif etki) ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu dogrultuda, İzmir kıyılarından toplanan alg örnekleri yıkanıp kurutuldaktan sonra hekzan, kloroform ve metanol solvanları yardımıyla ekstraksiyonu yapılmıştır. Ekstrelerin antioksidan aktiviteleri, DPPH ve ABTS+ yöntemleri ile total fenolik ve flavonoit içerikleri ise Folin-Ciocalteu ve Alüminyum klorür yöntemleri kullanılarak spektrofotometrik olarak belirlenmiştir. Özellikle yeşil alglerde tespit edilen antimikrobiyal aktive MIC metoduyla tayin edilmiştir. MCF-7, CaCo-2 ve HeLa kanser hücre ile HEK-293 sağlıklı hücre hatlarında özellikle H.scoparia ekstrelerinin daha geniş bir spektrumda sitotoksik etkinlikleri gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda mevcut antikanser etkilerin apoptotik yolaklar üzerindeki etkinliğini değerlendirmek için, "Real Time Ready Human Apoptosis Panel" ile yaklaşık 84 genin ekspresyon profilleri incelenmiştir. Antianjiyogenik etkiler ise in vivo HET CAM ile in vitro Wound Healing yöntemleri kullanılarak tespit edilmiş ve nispeten kırmızı alg G.gracilis'in metanol ve kloroform ekstreleri etkili bulunmuştur. Antimutajenik etkiler ise Ames MPFTM kiti ve TA98, TA100, TA1535 ve TA1537 suşları kullanılarak -S9'suz ve +S9'lu ortamda gerçekleştirilmiş ve ekstrelerin zayıf etkinlikler gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Tüm test yöntemlerinde ekstreler arasındaki farklılığa neden olan metabolitlerin tespiti için ise HPLC ile kimyasal içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Yürütülen denemeler sonucunda daha geniş spektrumda etkili olduğunu düşündüğümüz H.scoparia'nın farede kadmiyumun yol açtığı genotoksik hasara karşı protektif etkileri KA ve MN testleriyle ortaya konulmuş ve her iki deneme yönteminde de artan doza bağlı olarak protektif etkiler sergilediği gözlenmiştir.The activities of the secondary metabolites which have undertaken many strategic tasks in macroalgae have been the subject of much work until today. The present study, it was aimed to reveal the biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antiangiogenic, antimutagenic and protective effect of different characteristic algae extracts showing rich distribution on the Aegean coast. In this direction, alga samples collected from İzmir coast were washed and dried and then extracted with hexane, chloroform and methanol solvans. Antioxidant activities of extracts were determined spectrophotometrically by DPPH and ABTS+ methods, while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium chloride methods. Especially the antimicrobial activity detected in green algae was determined by MIC method. Cytotoxic activities of extracts were determined using MCF-7, CaCo-2 and HeLa cancer cell lines and HEK-293 healthy cell lines, and H.scoparia extracts appeared to cause a broader spectrum of inhibition. At the same time, approximately 84 genomic expression profiles were examined with the "Real Time Ready Human Apoptosis Panel" to evaluate the effect of existing anticancer effects on apoptotic pathways. Antigenogenic effects were determined by using Wound Healing and HET-CAM and methanol and chloroform extracts of relatively G. gracilis were found to be effective. Antimutagenic effects were determined using Ames MPFTM kit and TA98, TA100, TA1535 ve TA1537 suşs in -S9 and +S9, and the extracts showed weak activity. HPLC content analysis was carried out to determine the chemical content of metabolite causing the source of the difference between the extracts. The protective effects of H. scoparia which are thought to be effective in a broader spectrum as a result of the carried out experiments against the genotoxic damage caused by cadmium in mice were demonstrated by KA and MN tests, and It has been observed that it exhibits protective effects, in a manner dose-dependent

Growth, Feed Utilization And Carcass Composition In Rainbow Trout Fed Diets With A Similar Digestible Energy Content And Different Carbohydrate Levels

Three diets including 13.2%, 22% or 30.5% carbohydrates as extruded wheat meal were fed to rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (initial weight 34.8 g), for twelve weeks to investigate their influence on growth, protein and energy utilization and carcass composition. Daily feeding rates were 1.76, 2.05 or 2.17 g feed per 100 g body weight for the three diets, respectively, so as to reach a daily allowance of about 35.5 kJ digestible energy per 100 g body weight. No significant differences (p>0.05) in final mean weight or specific growth rate were observed between the treatments. Feed efficiency was negatively correlated to the dietary carbohydrate level. Utilized digestible protein and energy per kg growth were 365, 348, 358 g and 15.4, 15.9, 17.0 MJ, respectively, for the three diets. Apparent net protein and energy utilization of the groups fed a medium or high carbohydrate level were higher than those of the low carbohydrate group. Analysis of fish carcasses at the end of the trial revealed no significant (p>0.05) variations attrib- utable to the carbohydrate level

The Influence of Multiple Meals On The Gastric Evacuation Rate In Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (mean weight 70.8±1.0 g SEM) raised in the Sea of Marmara (Turkey), were used for a preliminary gastric evacuation study. After being starved 72 hours, three groups of 110 fish, each, were fed ad libitum once, twice or three times in a single day. Ten fish from each group were withdrawn and killed in an anesthetic solution during each sampling at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 hours following the last feeding. Gastric material was removed from the fish and dried for gastric evacuation modelling. Gompertz and logistic models (with fixed asymptotes) best explained the data. The gastric emptying rate of the trout offered a single meal (Group A) was faster than those fed two (Group B) or three (Group C) meals while the emptying patterns of Groups B and C were similar to each other. The time required to evacuate 95% of the gastric material from the first meal was estimated as 54.3, 68.0 and 67.8 h for Groups A, B and C, respectively, according to the Gompertz equations (with a fixed asymptote)

Novel coumarin derivatives containing a triazole moiety: A study on synthesis, cytotoxicity, membrane dysfunction, apoptosis, cell cycle, and antiangiogenic effects

Background: Coumarin is a functional compound with a pronounced wide range of biological activities and has recently been shown to have anticancer effects on various human cancer cells. Cisplatin is widely used in treating many cancers, but its effectiveness is limited due to acquired resistance and dose-related side effects. Objective: This study aimed to reveal the chemosensitizing ability of novel synthesized coumarin-triazole hybrid compounds (3a-f) compared to the cisplatin in A549, MCF-7, and HeLa cancer cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), antioxidant/oxidant status, and DNA fragmentation were determined spectrophotometrically using commercial kits. Muse (TM) Cell Analyzer was used to assess cell cycle progression. Pro/anti-apoptotic gene expressions were determined by Real-Time qPCR. The antiangiogenic activity was determined by VEGF expression and Hen's chorioallantoic membrane model. Results: Compounds 3c, -d, -e, and -f potentiated the cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by increasing LDH release and DNA fragmentation, inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest, overproducing oxidative stress, and decreasing cellular antioxidant levels. These compounds combined with cisplatin caused upregulation in the pro-apoptotic Bax, Bid, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Fas, and p53 gene expressions while downregulating anti-apoptotic DFFA, NFkB1, and Bcl2 gene expressions. These combinations caused vascular loss and a reduction in VEGF expression. Conclusion: These results suggest that a combinational regimen of coumarin compounds with cisplatin could enhance the effect of cisplatin in A549 cells. Besides, these compounds exhibit relatively low toxicity in normal cells, thus decreasing the dose requirement of cisplatin in cancer treatments

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antimutagenic Activity with Irritation Effects of Ceramium rubrum (Red Algae) Extract

This study was conducted to evaluate antioxidant, antimutagenic and antimicrobial activities as well as irritation/toxicity efficacy of n-hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of the red algae Ceramium rubrum C. Agardh (1881). While spectrophotometric methods were used for the determination of total phenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Antimicrobial and antimutagenic efficacy of extracts were determined by MIC method and Ames test, respectively. Also, HET-CAM test was used for irritation/toxicity of extracts. While methanol extract was found to have higher total flavonoid and phenolic contents than the other extracts and hexane showed higher antioxidant activity than other extracts. All extracts exerted moderate antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms as 64–256 ?g/mL. However, extracts of the algae did not show any mutagenicity or irritation effect even at the highest concentration