Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Quarry blasts assessment and their environmental impacts on the nearby oil pipelines, southeast of Helwan City, Egypt

Ground vibrations induced by blasting in the cement quarries are one of the fundamental problems in the quarrying industry and may cause severe damage to the nearby utilities and pipelines. Therefore, a vibration control study plays an important role in the minimization of environmental effects of blasting in quarries. The current paper presents the influence of the quarry blasts at the National Cement Company (NCC) on the two oil pipelines of SUMED Company southeast of Helwan City, by measuring the ground vibrations in terms of Peak Particle Velocity (PPV). The seismic refraction for compressional waves deduced from the shallow seismic survey and the shear wave velocity obtained from the Multi channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) technique are used to evaluate the closest site of the two pipelines to the quarry blasts. The results demonstrate that, the closest site of the two pipelines is of class B, according to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) classification and the safe distance to avoid any environmental effects is 650 m, following the deduced Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) and scaled distance (SD) relationship (PPV = 700.08 × SD−1.225) in mm/s and the Air over Pressure (air blast) formula (air blast = 170.23 × SD−0.071) in dB. In the light of prediction analysis, the maximum allowable charge weight per delay was found to be 591 kg with damage criterion of 12.5 mm/s at the closest site of the SUMED pipelines

Estimating the near-surface site response to mitigate earthquake disasters at the October 6th city, Egypt, using HVSR and seismic techniques

The damage caused by earthquake occurrences in different localities necessitates the evaluation of the subsurface structure. A priori estimation of the site effects became a major challenge for an efficient mitigation of the seismic risk. In the case of moderate to large earthquakes, at some distances from large events, severe damage often occurred at zones of unfavorable geotechnical conditions that give rise to significant site effects. The damage distribution in the near-source area is also significantly affected by fault geometry and rupture history. The microtremor (background noises) and shallow seismic surveys (through both the seismic refraction and Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)) were carried out in a specific area (The club of October 6 city and its adjacent space area). The natural periods derived from the HVSR (Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio) analysis vary from 0.37 to 0.56 s. The shallow seismic refraction data, which were conducted at the area, are used to determine the attenuation of P-waves (Qp) in different layers, using the pulse-width technique. The evaluation of the site response at the studied area yields amplification factor of the ground motion, ranging between 2.4 and 4.4

Geophysical investigation in the Northwestern part of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt

Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) and shallow seismic refraction data interpretation have been used to delineate groundwater aquifer and fault elements which are dissecting the northwestern part of Gulf of Suez. Thirty-five Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out and inverted through 3-D VES inversion to determine the subsurface stratigraphy, structures and groundwater aquifer potentialities. The results of VES inversion indicate that the study area consists of four geoelectrical units interpreted as surficial dry sand and gravels deposits, underlain by fresh water bearing zone, salt water bearing unit and limestone layer, at the bottom. The 3-D VES inversion indicates that the area is dissected by normal fault of NE-SW direction. Thirty-four shallow seismic refraction profiles of 94 m spread length have been used to delineate the geotechnical characteristics of surface layers, subsurface structures and subsurface lithology. The results of shallow seismic refraction indicate that the shallow part of the subsurface section consists of three layers, the first soil layer (dry gravels and sands of the recent deposits) underlain by the second soil layer (sands and gravels of the Pleistocene) while the third layer is the bedrock layer of sandstone and shale belonging to the Middle Miocene

Site-specific

In order to quantify the near-surface seismic properties (P- and S-wave velocities, and the dynamic elastic properties) with respect to the depth at a specific area (6th of October club), we conducted a non-invasive and low cost active seismic survey. The primary wave velocity is determined by conducting a P-wave shallow seismic refraction survey. The dispersive characteristics of Rayleigh type surface waves were utilized for imaging the shallow subsurface layers by estimating the 1D (depth) and 2D (depth and surface location) shear wave velocities. The reliability of the Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) depends on the accurate determination of phase velocities for horizontally traveling fundamental mode Rayleigh waves. Consequently, the elastic properties are evaluated empirically. The Vs30 (average shear wave velocity down to 30 m depth), which is obtained from the MASW technique, plays a critical role in evaluating the site response of the upper 30 m depth. The distribution of the obtained values of Vs30 through the studied area demonstrates site classes of C and D, according to the NEHRP (National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program) and IBC (International Building Code) standards

Subsurface investigation on Quarter 27 of May 15th city, Cairo, Egypt using electrical resistivity tomography and shallow seismic refraction techniques

AbstractGeophysical tools such as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and shallow seismic (both P-wave seismic refraction and Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW)) are interesting techniques for delineating the subsurface configurations as stratigraphy, structural elements, caves and water saturated zones. The ERT technique is used to delineate the contamination, to detect the buried objects, and to quantify some aquifer properties. Eight 2-D (two dimensional) electrical resistivity sections were measured using two different configurations (dipole–dipole and Wenner). The spread length is of 96m and the electrodes spacing are 2, 4 and 6m, respectively to reach a depth ranging from 13 to 17m. The results indicate that, the subsurface section is divided into main three geo-electrical units, the first is fractured marl and limestone which exhibits high resistivity values ranging from 40 to 300ohmm. The second unit is corresponding to marl of moderate resistivity values and the third unit, which is the deeper unit, exhibits very low resistivity values corresponding to clayey marl. The fourth layer is marly clay with water. The presence of clay causes the most geotechnical problems. Fourteen shallow seismic sections (both for P-wave and MASW) were carried out using spread of 94m and geophone spacing of 2m for each P-wave section. The results demonstrate that the deduced subsurface section consists of four layers, the first layer exhibits very low P-wave velocity ranging from 280 to 420m/s, the second layer reveals P-wave velocity ranging from 400 to 1200m/s, the third layer has P-wave velocity ranging from 970 to 2000m/s and the fourth layer exhibits high velocity ranging from 1900 to 3600m/s. The ERT and shallow seismic results, reflect the presence of two parallel faults passing through Quarter 27 and trending NW-SE

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022

Age-standardized CVD mortality rates by regionranged from 73.6 per 100,000 in High-income Asia Pacific to432.3 per 100,000 in Eastern Europe in 2022. Global CVDmortality decreased by 34.9% from 1990 to 2022. Ischemicheart disease had the highest global age-standardized DALYsof all diseases at 2,275.9 per 100,000. Intracerebralhemorrhage and ischemic stroke were the next highest CVDcauses for age-standardized DALYs. Age-standardized CVDprevalence ranged from 5,881.0 per 100,000 in South Asia to11,342.6 per 100,000 in Central Asia. High systolic bloodpressure accounted for the largest number of attributableage-standardized CVD DALYs at 2,564.9 per 100,000globally. Of all risks, household air pollution from solid fuelshad the largest change in attributable age-standardizedDALYs from 1990 to 2022 with a 65.1% decrease