THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROBING QUESTIONS STRATEGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING SKILLS IN THE ISLAMIC EDUCATION COURSES USING A SAMPLE OF INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN RIYADH

Importance of the study: Current study may be useful for Islamic education teachers to improve their performance in light of using of probing questions strategy for Teaching Islamic education courses and the development of thinking among the students of the middle stage, and not only on the using of strategies such as the lecture for the development of only memorization and recall skills. The present study aimed to: 1. Enhanced knowledge of the reality of teaching practices and exercise enhanced probing questions strategy by teachers of middle stage. 2. Enhanced knowledge of the effectiveness of probing questions strategy in the development of thinking in Islamic Education courses at a sample of the middle stage students in Riyadh. The problem of the study is concentrated on the following question: What is the effectiveness of probing questions strategy in the development of thinking skills in the courses of Islamic Education at a sample of the preparatory grade students in Riyadh? The researcher was able to formulate the following null hypotheses to answer her main question: 1. There is no difference statistically significant at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the average post-test scores for the experimental group and control group in the skills of thinking. To ensure the correct of hypotheses of the study The researcher was able to use the experimental method on a sample deliberate of students from third grade of preparatory school number of students: (59) student applied them to the experience of the study and the researcher prepared the test for measuring thinking skills, as used retail mid-term to ensure the validity of this test and its reliability by the application of tribal for them at the two study groups, as was applied to the two groups after the completion of the experiment, while the test was used (T-Test) as a way to statistically processing the results and see significant differences between the two groups. The study resulted in: 1. There are significant differences between the average degrees of post-test for two groups in the level of skills of thinking in favor of the group experimental. In light of the results of the study, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations including: 1. The education departments of the Ministry of Education conduct some training courses for teachers in various disciplines about the teaching strategies of using the probing questions strategy; and the development of thinking that is done on a regular basis to include all parameters. 2. Training the teachers of all subjects to develop the levels of thinking of students and to be done on a regular basis to include all teachers

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROBING QUESTIONS STRATEGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THINKING SKILLS IN THE ISLAMIC EDUCATION COURSES USING A SAMPLE OF INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN RIYADH

Importance of the study: Current study may be useful for Islamic education teachers to improve their performance in light of using of probing questions strategy for Teaching Islamic education courses and the development of thinking among the students of the middle stage, and not only on the using of strategies such as the lecture for the development of only memorization and recall skills. The present study aimed to: 1. Enhanced knowledge of the reality of teaching practices and exercise enhanced probing questions strategy by teachers of middle stage. 2. Enhanced knowledge of the effectiveness of probing questions strategy in the development of thinking in Islamic Education courses at a sample of the middle stage students in Riyadh. The problem of the study is concentrated on the following question: What is the effectiveness of probing questions strategy in the development of thinking skills in the courses of Islamic Education at a sample of the preparatory grade students in Riyadh? The researcher was able to formulate the following null hypotheses to answer her main question: 1. There is no difference statistically significant at the level of significance (α ≤ 0.05) between the average post-test scores for the experimental group and control group in the skills of thinking. To ensure the correct of hypotheses of the study The researcher was able to use the experimental method on a sample deliberate of students from third grade of preparatory school number of students: (59) student applied them to the experience of the study and the researcher prepared the test for measuring thinking skills, as used retail mid-term to ensure the validity of this test and its reliability by the application of tribal for them at the two study groups, as was applied to the two groups after the completion of the experiment, while the test was used (T-Test) as a way to statistically processing the results and see significant differences between the two groups. The study resulted in: 1. There are significant differences between the average degrees of post-test for two groups in the level of skills of thinking in favor of the group experimental. In light of the results of the study, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations including: 1. The education departments of the Ministry of Education conduct some training courses for teachers in various disciplines about the teaching strategies of using the probing questions strategy; and the development of thinking that is done on a regular basis to include all parameters. 2. Training the teachers of all subjects to develop the levels of thinking of students and to be done on a regular basis to include all teachers

Interval Type-2 Beta Fuzzy Near Sets Approach to Content-Based Image Retrieval

In computer-based search systems, similarity plays a key role in replicating the human search process. Indeed, the human search process underlies many natural abilities such as image recovery, language comprehension, decision making, or pattern recognition. The search for images consists of establishing a correspondence between the available image and that sought by the user, by measuring the similarity between the images. Image search by content is generaly based on the similarity of the visual characteristics of the images. The distance function used to evaluate the similarity between images depends notonly on the criteria of the search but also on the representation of the characteristics of the image. This is the main idea of a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system. In this article, first, we constructed type-2 beta fuzzy membership of descriptor vectors to help manage inaccuracy and uncertainty of characteristics extracted the feature of images. Subsequently, the retrieved images are ranked according to the novel similarity measure, noted type-2 fuzzy nearness measure (IT2FNM). By analogy to Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and motivated by near sets theory, we advanced a new fuzzy similarity measure (FSM) noted interval type-2 fuzzy nearness measure (IT-2 FNM). Then, we proposed three new IT-2 FSMs and we have provided mathematical justification to demonstrate that the proposed FSMs satisfy proximity properties (i.e. reflexivity, transitivity, symmetry, and overlapping). Experimental results generated using three image databases showing consistent and significant results

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century