Establish In-House: A Pre-treatment Method of Fat, Oil and Grease (FOG) in Kitchen Wastewater for Safe Disposal

The direct disposal of untreated kitchen wastewater generated from the commercial restaurant into the sewerage system lead to increase the sanitary sewer overflow (SSO). In contrast, the disposal into the environment is associated with many adverse effects on the ecosystems. The present study aimed to develop a Fat, Oil and Grease (FOG) trap as a primary treatment of raw kitchen wastewater based on the gravity separation principle. The optimization of the separation process was determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on flow rate and peak time of kitchen wastewater. The results revealed that the optimization removal of FOG was 93.48% with 8.27 L/min of flow rate and on 10.27 am of time sampling. FOG concentrations have dropped from 766.67 mg/L to 50 mg/L. These findings indicated that the FOG Trap was a reliable and exhibited efficiency for FOG removal from the kitchen wastewater

Pembangunan e-modul pembelajaran enjin diesel untuk kursus teknologi automotif

"Penyelidikan ini adalah untuk membangunkan satu reka bentuk e-modul pembelajaran pelajar kursus Teknologi Automotif di kolej vokasional. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah bagi mengenalpasti kesesuaian elemen yang digunakan dalam modul dan reka letak papan cerita yang dibangunkan. Penggunaan e-modul dalam modul vokasional ini dapat memudahkan pemahaman pelajar dan cemerlang di dalam pentaksiran kompetensi. Modul menggunakan Model ADDIE sebagai model dan prinsip pembangunan bahan multimedia serta prinsip hueristik kebolehgunaan bagi pembangunan modul interaktif ini. Proses pembangunan modul menggunakan perisian CourseLab, Audacity, Freemake Video Converter, GIMP yang merupakan antara perisian percuma dan perisian sumber terbuka. Hasil pembangunan modul diuji sebanyak dua kali ke atas seramai 30 orang pelajar Kursus Teknologi Automotif yang terlibat di dalam penyelidikan ini dan 7 orang pensyarah dari kolej vokasional dipilih sebagai responden kajian. Soal selidik digunakan sebagai instrumen oleh pengkaji dalam kajian ini. Set soal selidik ini terdiri dari tiga set iaitu untuk kesesuaian elemen modul, kesesuaian papan cerita dan pembangunan e-modul pembelajaran. Soalan-soalan yang dikemukakan pada ketiga-tiga set akan dijawab berdasarkan skala likert. Maklumat dan data yang diperoleh akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS). Kesimpulan daripada data dan maklumat yang diperolehi menunjukkan satu e-modul pembelajaran dapat dibangunkan dengan mempunyai aspek rekabentuk (skor min = 4.74), aspek persembahan (skor min = 4.67) dan aspek mesra pengguna (skor min = 4.69) yang dapat menarik minat belajar berdasarkan pada purata keseluruhan skor min.

Engineered nanoparticles for removal of pollutants from wastewater: Current status and future prospects of nanotechnology for remediation strategies

Significant aspects of the world\u27s water scenario, primarily associated with global population growth and climate change, necessitate new technology implementation to ensure a supply of drinking water and prevent global water contamination. In light of this, the incorporation of state-of-the-art nanotechnology in conventional process engineering opens new paths for improved wastewater treatment technologies. Nano-based materials techniques, such as disinfection, desalination, sensing and monitoring, photocatalysis, membrane process, adsorption, biological treatment, coagulation/precipitation, and oxidation are discussed in this overview of current breakthroughs in nanotechnologies for removal of pollutants from wastewater. The benefits of these nano-based materials for wastewater treatment approaches, as well as the technical challenges are discussed in this review. The current state of commercialization, as well as future research opportunities in nano-based materials and technologies are highlighted. Additionally, the anticipated scientific breakthroughs, the constraints of nanotechnology for desalination processes, such as rules and regulations, and potential health risks are addressed. The regulation of nanoengineered materials and technologies used in wastewater treatment is being addressed in both Europe and United States of America

Predictive model and near infrared spectroscopy in predicting the diesel fuel properties

Monitoring the diesel fuel properties play an important role in the performance of vehicle engines. Near-infrared (NIR) technology has been investigated as an alternative to monitor the diesel fuel properties. NIR spectroscopy shows an enormous potential for quantitative analysis of complex samples by coupling with artificial neural networks (ANNs). Although a single layer ANN shows promising in the establishing better relationship between a component of interest and NIR spectrum, a different algorithm for updating weight that has been proved to improve the performance of the multilayer could further reveal the potential of single linear layer ANN in NIR spectroscopic analysis. Therefore, this study investigates the performance of a single layer ANN that trained with LevenbergMarquardt (SLM) and that trained with Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SSCG) and compares the proposed methods with multilayer ANN that trained with same learning algori thms. Results were evaluated and discussed with previous studies that used the same data sets to establish the relationship between the NIR spectral data and diesel fuel properties. Finding depicts that the proposed SLM and SSCG were capable of predicting the diesel fuel properties using NIR spectrum without data reduction, and achieving better accuracy in predicting the diesel fuel properties compared with other recent methods. In addition, using a proposed genetic algorithm for data reduction to improve the predictive model of the proposed method

Efficiencies and mechanisms of steel slag with ferric oxides for removing phosphate from wastewater using a column filter system

The current study aimed to investigate the efficiencies and mechanisms of slag filter media for removing phosphorus from synthetic wastewater. The steel slag with high ferric oxides (Fe2O3) was subjected for the electric arc furnace (EAF) and selected as the filter media (HFe). The chemical characteristics of HFe were determined using pH, point of zero charge (PZC) and XRF. The phosphorus removal efficiency was studied in a designed vertical steel slag column rock filters in unaerated HFe (UEF) and aerated HFe (AEF) system. The microstructure of HFe was analyzed by FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. The results of XRF revealed that ferric oxide (Fe2O3) ranged from26.1 to 38.2%. PZC for Filter HFe was recorded at pH 10.55 ± 0.27. The highest efficiencies were recorded by UEF and AEF systems at pH 3 and pH 5 (89.97 ± 4.02% and 79.95 ± 6.25% at pH 3 and 72.97 ± 8.38% and 66.00 ± 12.85% at pH 5 for UEF and AEF, respectively). These findings indicated that AEF exhibiting higher removal than UEF systems might be due to presence high Fe concentration in AEF which play important role in the phosphorus removal. The main elements available on the surface of HFe included carbon, oxygen, iron, calcium, magnesium, silicon, platinum, sulphur, manganese, titanium and aluminium. The XRD analysis indicated that the precipitation of orthophosphate as calcium and iron-phosphates was the removal mechanism as confirmed using FT-IR analysis. These findings demonstrated the efficiency of HFe in removing of phosphorus from wastewater

Removal of heavy metals from textile wastewater using sugarcane bagasse activated carbon

Excessive release of textile wastewater with heavy metals into environment has posed a great problem to the natural water system. The efficiency of the adsorption process to remove heavy metals depend on the adsorbent. The commercial activated carbon is one of the most efficient adsorbent, but the limitation lies in the high cost. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse activated carbon modified by phosphoric acid as adsorbent for the removal of zinc (Zn) and Ferum (Fe) from the textile wastewater. The adsorption process was conducted using batch method as a function for pH (2-7), contact time (30 min to 24 h) and adsorbent dosage (0.6 to 6g). The final concentrations of the metal ions were determined by ICP-MS. The results revealed that the adsorption efficiency increased with the contact time, the optimum time was recorded after 2 h. The removal percentage of Zn and Fe associated with the adsorbent dosage due to the greater surface area with optimum value of 4.0 g. The increasing of pH from 2 to 6 correlated with high adsorption efficiency, with the optimum condition at pH 5. The maximum percentage removal of Fe, Zn was 80%. These findings indicated that the SBAC is an attractive alternative adsorbent material for the metal ions removal in textile wastewater

Survival and disinfection of SARS-Cov-2 in environment and contaminated surface

The detection of SARS-Cov-2 in the sewage and water resources has increased the awareness among the people about the possibility survival of SARS-Cov-2 in the environment and the potential to transmit into the human through food chain or water resources. Moreover, the surface contaminated by the virus need to be disinfected frequently by using an effective disinfectant, the current chapter discussed the efficiency of the most traditional treatment process of the sewage and wastewater, and their role in the elimination of the virus as well as the sterility assurance level concept. Moreover, the chemical disinfectant used currently and their temporary efficiency has been reviewed

Pharmaceuticals active compounds in the aquatic environment: a review

Pharmaceutical active substances utilised to treat human and animal diseases can launch into the environment through effluents from wastewater treatment plants and direct disposal of pharmaceutical compounds. Some of these compounds arrive in the environment as a parent compound or as active/inactive metabolites. Owing to their pharmacological action, their conceptions in the environment are significant, and thus this chapter reviews the understanding of the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment

Monitoring of Outdoor and Indoor Air Particulate Matter (PM10) at Buildings Located in An Industrial District

Particulate matter (PM10) pollution has become a problem of significant impact in many countries and cities due to its dangerous effects on public health and environmental balance. The current study aims to monitor the indoor and outdoor PM10 concentrations of the buildings located next to an industrial area that releasing industrial fumes. Three buildings were selected to be investigated. Two factors were considered in the current study, including the outdoor PM10 and wind speed. Response surface methodology (RSM) design was used to identify the relationship between the outdoor and indoor PM10 concentration (I/O) through the ANOVA analysis (P<0.05). The obtained results of PM10 concentrations were showed an acceptable concentration (PM10.In.max= 34 µg.m-3, PM10.Out.max= 77 µg.m-3) compared to the Malaysian standard of Practice (DOSH) and RMAAQG (150 µg.m-3) for the selected areas. The investigation was showed a relationship between PM10.in, PM10.out, and the wind speed with a significant ANOVA factor (P < 0.05). The study findings are considered a knowledge contribution of the PM10 concentrations on the relationship of indoor and outdoor air quality for building surrounded by factories