Hydraulic Modelling and Optimization of a Wastewater Treatment System for Developing Nations Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Waste stabilization pond (WSP) is globally one of the most popular wastewater treatment options because of its high efficiency and low cost. However, no rigorous assessment of WSPs that account for cost in addition to hydrodynamics and treatment efficiency has been performed. A study was conducted that utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) coupled with an optimization program to optimize the selection of the best WSP configuration based on cost and treatment efficiency. Several designs generated by the CFD/optimization model showed that both shorter and longer baffles, alternative depths, and reactor length to width ratios could improve the hydraulic efficiency of the ponds at a reduced overall construction cost. In addition, a study was conducted on the optimized WSP which consisted of an anaerobic, facultative, and a maturation stage whose baffle orientation, length to width ratio, was specified by a CFD model prediction and was compared with a three stage WSP designed according to literature suggested reactor geometric configurations. Experimental tests were performed on a pilot scale version of the threestage WSP where the removal performance was based on a number of parameters (Faecal coliform, pH, TDS, and Conductivity). Results showed that the significantly lower cost design based on the optimized CFD simulations displayed slightly better removal performance compared to the standard WSP design developed from literature data. The results of this study clearly showed that unit treatment process designs based on rigorous numerical optimization can aid in producing cost effective designs that make it more possible for developing nations to incorporate adequate and effective sanitation

Bring Back Our Girls, Social Mobilization: Implications for Cross-Cultural Research

Social mobilization is a proactive measure for community development that salvages the society from destruction and disaster. From sociological perspective, this paper discusses the concept of social mobilization and its implications for cross-cultural research. To do this, the study uses the “Bring Back Our Girls” Global Campaign, as the focal point of discussion, which has currently become a global phenomenon, in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. To achieve the primary objective, this study adopted the method of content analysis of relevant existing literature; materials, pictures, as well as news reports to draw up conclusion based on the subject matter. The study revealed the importance of unity among nations, in the campaign for “Bring Back Our Girls”, in the midst of religious turmoil, different cultures, gender inequalities, and ethnic diversities. However, while waiting for the return of more than 200 girls abducted from their dormitories at the Government Girls’ Secondary Schools, Chibok, Borno State, North-East Nigeria, by the out-of-control members of the Boko Haram sect, it is needful that, nations keep recognizing the vital roles of social mobilization in bringing positive changes to the society. By implication, the study recognizes the importance of, and a clarion call for further cross-cultural research which goes beyond geographical, religious, political, and cultural jurisdictions. Recommendations on utilizing the knowledge of social mobilization movement campaign for the advancement of society were made. Keywords: Bring Back Our Girls, Social Mobilization, Cross-cultural research

Globalization and Trade Unions Challenges: Nigerian Manufacturing Sector Experience.

Today, the globalization of the world market has brought about several competitions on local companies which invariably have an adverse effect on trade union density due to unfavourable macro-economic policies used for the promulgation of globalization. The movement from Social regulation to Labour Market Control, created this competition all in the name of productivity enhancement and efficiency creation. The study examines the challenges brought by globalization and all what accompany the concept while the role of Trade Unions was also measured to overcome the flexibility brought by globalization. The study uses secondary information with discourse analysis of existing literatures on the subject matter to have a position. It was revealed that globalization created more vacuums than integration among Workers of the North and South due to competition postulated by globalization. Study of this nature becomes significant to the Nigeria government to rethink and have a second thought on globalization before its continual adoption while trade union leaders have to revitalize their strategies in order to swim alone with globalization thus membership density will keep declining. Keywords: globalization, Trade Unions, Manufacturing Sector, Flexibility and Competition

Bring Back Our Girls, Social Mobilization: Implications for Cross-Cultural Research

Social mobilization is a proactive measure for community development that salvages the society from destruction and disaster. From sociological perspective, this paper discusses the concept of social mobilization and its implications for cross-cultural research. To do this, the study uses the “Bring Back Our Girls” Global Campaign, as the focal point of discussion, which has currently become a global phenomenon, in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. To achieve the primary objective, this study adopted the method of content analysis of relevant existing literature; materials, pictures, as well as news reports to draw up conclusion based on the subject matter. The study revealed the importance of unity among nations, in the campaign for “Bring Back Our Girls”, in the midst of religious turmoil, different cultures, gender inequalities, and ethnic diversities. However, while waiting for the return of more than 200 girls abducted from their dormitories at the Government Girls’ Secondary Schools, Chibok, Borno State, North-East Nigeria, by the out-of-control members of the Boko Haram sect, it is needful that, nations keep recognizing the vital roles of social mobilization in bringing positive changes to the society. By implication, the study recognizes the importance of, and a clarion call for further cross-cultural research which goes beyond geographical, religious, political, and cultural jurisdictions. Recommendations on utilizing the knowledge of social mobilization movement campaign for the advancement of society were made. Keywords: Bring Back Our Girls, Social Mobilization, Cross-cultural research

Evaluation of FAO-56 Penman-Monteith and Temperature Based Models in Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Using Complete and Limited Data, Application to Nigeria

Accurate determination of reference evapotranspiration is very essential for precise computation of crop water use. Several models have been used in computing reference evapotranspiration and they require local calibration in order to validate their usage. Climatic data used in computing reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Abeokuta, Ijebu-Ode and Itoikin were obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Station (NIMET), Lagos Nigeria. For Abeokuta, complete climatic data were used in the computation of the ETo while limited climatic data were used in computing ETo for Ijebu-Ode and Itoikin using FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (FAO-56 PM), Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves models. In Abeokuta, the average coefficients of determination R2 obtained when ETo computed using Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves models were compared with FAO-56 PM model were 0.7914 and 0.5158 respectively. The average Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) obtained between Jensen-Haise, Hargreaves and FAO-56 PM models were 1.03 and 1.79 mmd-1 respectively. The index of agreement between pan evaporation and FAO-56 PM, Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves models were 0.56, 0.71 and 0.52 respectively. The average R2 of the ETo computed using  and temperature for FAO-56 PM and Jensen-Haise were 0.6784 and 0.8488 respectively. For Ijebu-Ode, the average R2 when Jensen-Haise, Hargreaves were compared with FAO-56 PM model were 0.9908, 0.9907 respectively. The average RMSEs between FAO-56 PM, Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves were 2.51 and 0.87 mmd-1 respectively while the index of agreement between FAO-56 PM, Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves models were 0.49, 0.88 and 0.54 respectively. Similarly for Itoikin, the average R2 obtained when Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves model were compared with FAO-56 PM were 0.9754 and 0.9557 respectively. The average RMSEs obtained between FAO-56 PM and Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves models were 2.50 and 0.89 mmd-1 respectively while the index of agreement between pan evaporation and FAO-56PM, Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves models were 0.28, 0.61 and 0.34 respectively. It is hereby recommended that beside FAO-56PM model, Jensen-Haise model is also recommended for the computation of ETo in situations where only maximum and minimum temperatures are available in Ogun-Osun River basin

Facilitating Community Development through Institutional Engagements: Reflections from 2016 Nigeria IACD Conference

This article reports on recent experiences of the conference/workshop management team and the host (Kwara State University - KWASU) of the fourth meeting of the Nigerian members and potential members of the International Association for Community Development (IACD) and the third National Community Development Consultative Conference/Workshop, held in Malete, Kwara State Nigeria from 11 to 14 October 2016. In reviewing the meeting and conference/workshop, the following sub-topics were used for organizing the contents of the article: community development and institutional engagements in Nigeria; IACD National Association in Nigeria; conference/workshop theme and overview; participations/state representatives and conference streams; keynote addresses; conference mobile learning workshop; conference/workshop assessment; and conclusion. The article also draws out implications of the conference/workshop for community development practice and professionalism in workplace settings within national contexts with mandatory institution supports. Finally, brief perspectives of the next Nigeria IACD conference to be held in Kano State are also provided. Keywords: Community Development, Institutional Engagements, Nigeria, IACD-Nigeria Conference 201

Legal status experience of foreign students returnees from immigration center: a case study

This study presents a qualitative insight of legal status experience of foreign students’ returnees from immigration center. Convenience sampling was applied in the study, and in-depth semi-structured interview was adopted to collect specific data among selected eleven (11) undergraduate foreign students, studying at a private university college, who were released from leggeng immigration deportation camp, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Data were analyzed, and findings as themes were developed. Results of the study were classified into two categories. The first category indicates, the legal status challenges encountered by the students in the university. The second category reveals the students experience in the deportation camp. The study recommends with remarkable conclusion among others; initiatives to improve immigration collective services, roles of educators and school administration on foreign students’ supports services, and further suggested with a clarion call for more government supports, to improve the conditions of immigration deportation camp in Malaysia

Toward functional community engagement in academia: the Nigerian university experience

Academics who choose to engage in community service to fulfil their internal professional obligations often face challenges that force them to turn to private consultancy work outside of their university obligations. This is often for better remuneration and personal fulfilment, rather than a perceived importance to scholarly engagement in service to the immediate community. Although much research has been conducted on community engagement in higher education, few studies have explored how such work is sustained, especially among academics in non-Western universities. In response, this study sets out to explore sustainable community engagement among academics in Nigeria, where academic community engagement has recently been given a renewed emphasis by policy makers. The study utilized a qualitative case study approach, by way of in-depth interviews with nine professors from diverse academic fields of study in a community-based Nigerian university. The findings point to several potential strategies for making community engagement more sustainable, including incorporating community engagement into university policies, providing a more supportive institutional culture, facilitating engagement through reward and recognition of engaging academics, conducting continuous research into community problems, and encouraging engagement based on academics’ area of specialization. Implications to practice and suggestions for future research are also presented

Exploring the personal philosophies of volunteerism among professors at a Malaysian research university

Many argue that the changing nature of research universities globally is making the academic profession demanding. Academics are expected to do more, produce more, and ‘justify their existence’ at their respective universities often in the form of outcomes-based performance measures that are historically foreign to the academic profession. At the same time, they may have to engage in volunteerism outside the academy. Despite much existing research on volunteerism within the context of higher education, a few studies have been conducted on volunteerism among senior academics in non-Western countries, in an attempt to understand how academics balance these pluralistic roles and responsibilities, and the personal philosophy behind their ongoing engagement in volunteerism. To address this gap, this study explored the personal volunteerism philosophies of university professors from a leading research university in Malaysia. Using a purposeful sampling approach, the authors conducted in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews with seven professors from different academic departments who have regular engagement in volunteering activities beyond their internal academic obligations. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. From the analysis, three factors were found to contribute to the formulation of the personal philosophies about volunteerism. These were: (a) individual orientation and exposure; (b) religious beliefs; and (c) work related identities. Volunteerism was found to foster recognition for academics in their related field of expertise. The study concludes with suggestions for enhancing the volunteerism experiences of academics and implications for future research