STUDY TO REVEAL THE MANDIBULAR FRACTURES PATTERN AND ITS ETIOLOGY

Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to analyze and evaluate the mandible fracture pattern in 150 patients treated in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Study Design: A descriptive study. Location and Duration: In the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Nishtar Hospital, Multan for one year duration from Feb 2018 to January 2019. Methods: These patients were evaluated radiologically and clinically to detect mandibular fractures. Gender, age and fracture data were reviewed and evaluated. The 2 to 78 years of age was the means age (mean 25 years) and in the age group 21 to 30 years. The male to female ratio was 3.99: 1. Results: The mandible fractures main cause was the traffic accidents [RTA (n = 65, 41.96%)], (n = 42, 28%), followed by the bullet wound [FAI 25; 16.6%], fights (s = 8, 4.7%, sports (n = 6, 3.4%), accidents while doing work (n = 4, 3%) and 4 cases are because of other bomb explosions and injuries by animals. = 40, 23.3%) and body (n = 38, 22.2%), followed by parasympathetic (n = 47, 27.4%). Conclusion: This study may help to develop policies and strategies to treat and prevent mandible fractures. Key Words: Traffic accidents, mandibular fractures, seat belts, etiology

Sedimentary facies interpretation of Gamma Ray (GR) log as basic well logs in Central and Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan

Rocks and most type of soils emit Gamma Ray (GR) in varying amount. The emitting elements of primary gamma radiations include potassium 40, uranium, and thorium which are associated with rocks forming minerals in variable amount. GR log is used to predict the varying lithology in borehole by measuring the spontaneous emission of GR radiation from rocks. Role of GR logs in the identification of subsurface facies is the main focused research theme of this manuscript including with objective of brief introduction of GR log and its applications in the identification of facies in the field of Petroleum Geosciences by analyzing the examples of GR log(s) from wells, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan

Morphological features of continental shelf margin: Examples from the Pakistan Offshore

This paper describes various morphological features of continental shelf and their present-day analogues both present in surface and subsurface data. Most of the examples are taken from Pakistan Offshore. Identification of subsurface features from wireline logs and seismic data is very significant for the application of facies identification in the field of petroleum geosciences, sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology, which is based on the analysis of various lithological characteristic of facies, as well as their geometrical distributions in the basin. Keywords: Continental shelf margin, Shoreface to shelf, Indus Offshore, Pakista

Tectonic evolution of structures in Southern Sindh Monocline, Indus Basin, Pakistan formed in multi-extensional tectonic episodes of Indian Plate

There are a number of structures and structural styles found in extensional tectonic settings of the world, and it is a big challenge to study the evolution of these structures. Evolution of structures formed in extensional tectonic settings have been studied by researchers on different extensional basins of the world. Southern Sindh Monocline lies on the western corner of Indian Plate and the tectonic history of Indian plate has also experienced different extensional episodes, and its journey rifted from Gondwanaland to its final welding to Asia. The aim of this study is to figure out the evolution of structures in the subsurface of Southern Sindh Monocline, Pakistan using the seismic data interpretation and flattening of horizons approach. Structures within the subsurface of Southern Sindh Monocline have been characterized by different tectonic episodes of Indian plate while rifting from Gondwanaland, rifting from other plates at different geological times and to its collision with the Asia. Basic structures within study area are classified into nine types while the structural styles have been classified into six types as horst and grabens, dominos, crotch, synthetic and antithetic, negative and flashlight structural style. The structures within the study area revealed evidence for three major structural episodes which can be characterized as Episode 1: Structures associated with rifting of Indian plate from Gondwanaland during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, Episode 2: Modification and reactivation of previous structures while Madagascar rifted from Indian Plate during the Middle Cretaceous and during Episode 3: Inversion and reactivation of structures occurred when Indian Plate collided with Asia during Early Eocene. Keywords: Tectonic evolution, Episodes, Structures, Sindh Monocline, Pakistan, Indian plate, Eurasian plate, Seismic dat

Gliclazide in Binary and Ternary Systems Improves Physicochemical Properties, Bioactivity, and Antioxidant Activity

The poor solubility of the antidiabetic drug gliclazide (Glc) is due to its hydrophobic nature. This research is aimed at improving Glc’s solubility and drug release profile, as well as at investigating additional benefits such as bioactivity and antioxidant activity, by forming binary complexes with HPβCD at different w/w ratios (1 : 1, 1 : 2.5, 1 : 4, and 1 : 9) and ternary complexes with HPβCD and Tryp at 1 : 1 : 1, 1 : 1 : 0.27, 1 : 2.5 : 0.27, 1 : 3.6 : 3.6, 1 : 4 : 1, and 1 : 9 : 1, respectively. Complexes were prepared by the physical mixing (PM) and solvent evaporation (SE) methods. The prepared inclusion complexes were meticulously characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra. To verify our findings, the inclusion complexes were evaluated by equilibrium solubility, in vitro drug release profile, kinetic models, and antidiabetic and antioxidant activities in animal models. Our results demonstrated that the solubility and drug release profile were found to be enhanced through binary as well as ternary complexes. Notably, ternary complexes with a ratio of 1 : 9 : 1 showed the highest solubility and drug release profile compared to all other preparations. Data on antioxidant activity indicated that the ternary complex had the higher total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activity than the binary complex and Glc alone, in contrast to the diabetic group. In vivo antidiabetic activity data revealed a high percentage reduction in the blood glucose level by ternary complexes (49–52%) compared to the binary complexes (45–46%; p≤0.05). HPβCD and Tryp provide a new platform for overcoming the challenges associated with poorly soluble Glc by providing greater complexing and solubilizing capabilities and imparting ancillary benefits to improve the drug’s antidiabetic and antioxidant activities

The effects of long-term diabetes on the haematological and uterine indicators and their association with neonatal nephrogenesis counter-protected by camel milk: A time dependent study

The novelty of this project is to describe how chronic diabetes altered the haematological and uterine indicators in a time dependent-manner that were reversed by camel milk (CM) therapy in pregnant and nonpregnant rat models. Fifty-four female rats were divided into three groups: Placebo (N), diabetic control (DC) and diabetic treated (DT) with CM at 40 ml/kg/24 h for 90 days. A single intact male was introduced into every group for mating at day 60 of the experiment. The sample collection was undertaken at day 30 and 60 of the nonpregnant rats and at day 90 immediately after parturition for the pregnant rats. At every collection, the dam’s blood, as well as the uteri and neonatal kidneys were collected and subjected to a paraffin tissue preparation technique for a histological evaluation. The data revealed that at day 30, the uterine endo- and myometrium remained unaffected by diabetes, but at day 60, a significant reduction in the uterine indicators from diabetes was observed. However, the CM restored the uterine histology in the DT. At 90 day, chronic diabetes showed (P < 0.05) a harmful effect on the pregnant uterus which was reversed (P < 0.05) by the CM. The RBC (red blood cell) indices, platelets, and leucocyte counts were severely affected by the diabetes and protected by the CM at every point of collection. The kidney tissues of the neonate rats, delivered by the dams, in the DC presented a significant (P < 0.05) shrinkage in the cortex and glomeruli while the CM potentially reversed these changes. These results will help to understand the chronic diabetes effects on the uterus and neonate’s renal genesis, and the role of camel milk in the management of chronic pre-gestational diabete