Alex Wiseman: reluctant architect?

The Auckland Ferry Building, completed in 1912, is still a significant landmark in downtown Auckland today. However, its architect, Alex Wiseman, remains less well-known and more enigmatic. Born in Auckland in 1865 into a prominent Methodist family, Wiseman was apprenticed at 16 years of age to noted architect Edward Bartley for a term of four years. Wiseman then practised as a draughtsman for a period, before moving to Victoria, Australia, to follow his first love, music, making his living as a music teacher and organist. After marrying and starting a family, the lot of an impecunious musician may have held less appeal, and in 1903 Wiseman returned to Auckland. He established his own architectural practice and, over the next 12 years until his death at the age of just 50, he received, often with the aid of familial and church connections, several high-profile commissions, including the ferry building, the YMCA building and Auckland Training College (both in Wellesley Street), and "Greenacres," the home of James Gunson, later mayor of Auckland

A Scotsman abroad: the architecture of John Scotland in colonial Nelson

John Scotland was one of a small number of architects practising in Nelson during the 1870s. Born in Stirlingshire in 1812, he was the son of a master mason and followed that same calling. However, only scant details of his life are known until he emigrated to New Zealand aged in his mid-50s. As with a number of his contemporaries in the building trades, Scotland turned to architecture, and established a practice in Nelson in 1866. He designed some of that city's grandest homes, including Melrose and Fellworth, both now listed by Heritage New Zealand, as well as various commercial premises and a synagogue. Scotland returned to his native land in 1885, and died in Glasgow two years later

St James and the Good Shepherd: windows on the landscape

Two New Zealand churches completed in the 1930s, St James' Church at Franz Josef/Waiau (James Stuart Turnbull and Percy Watts Rule, 1931) and the Church of the Good Shepherd on the shores of Lake Tekapo (Richard Strachan De Renzy Harman, 1935), feature large plate glass windows behind the altar, affording expansive views of the natural landscape beyond. This represented a significant departure from prevailing ecclesiastical design ideas of the time, with the interior of the churches being intimately connected to the landscape outside, rather than the usual largely internalized atmosphere with any sense of the surroundings limited to light coming through strategically placed decorative or stained-glass windows. It is, however, a design aesthetic that has seldom been utilized in New Zealand since. This paper traverses the history and design of the two churches and their relationships with the landscapes in which they are situated, and concludes that St James' Church provides a heightened religious experience and is a more successful metaphor for the Christian journey

Supplemental Table 1. Influence of the count of positive days on DMI, milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, and pregnancy rate

Response Intercept Devstarch Devfat DevNDF DevPro BI

Intermuscular fat: a review of the consequences and causes

pre-printMuscle's structural composition is an important factor underlying muscle strength and physical function in older adults. There is an increasing amount of research to support the clear disassociation between the loss of muscle lean tissue mass and strength with aging. This disassociation implies that factors in addition to lean muscle mass are responsible for the decreases in strength and function seen with aging. Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a significant predictor of both muscle function and mobility function in older adults and across a wide variety of comorbid conditions such as stroke, spinal cord injury, diabetes, and COPD. IMAT is also implicated in metabolic dysfunction such as insulin resistance. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a review of the implications of increased IMAT levels in metabolic, muscle, and mobility function. Potential treatment options to mitigate increasing levels of IMAT will also be discussed

Modelling the influence of the process inputs on the removal of surface contaminants from Ti-6Al-4V linear friction welds

The linear friction welding (LFW) process is finding increasing interest from industry for the fabrication of near-net-shape, titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V, aerospace components. Currently, the removal of surface contaminants, such as oxides and foreign particles, from the weld interface into the flash is not fully understood. To address this problem, two-dimensional (2D) computational models were developed using the finite element analysis (FEA) software DEFORM and validated with experiments. The key findings showed that the welds made with higher applied forces required less burn-off to completely remove the surface contaminants from the interface into the flash; the interface temperature increased as the applied force was decreased or the rubbing velocity increased; and the boundary temperature between the rapid flash formation and negligible material flow was approximately 970 °C. An understanding of these phenomena is of particular interest for the industrialisation of near-net-shape titanium alloy aerospace components.EPSRC, Boeing Company, Welding Institut

Gender Constraints and Rice Varietal Characteristics Preferences in Lowland Rice Ecosystem in Ghana

This study examined the constraints and differences in varietal preferences for male and female rice farmers in lowland rice ecosystem in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Successful development interventions such as dissemination of improved rice varieties are, by their nature, transformative but paying attention to gender constraints and varietal preferences will always make them more effective.  Yet, these issues are not adequately documented and analyzed in adoption studies. A total sample size of seventy (70) rice farmers was randomly selected for an in-depth individual interview, using structured questionnaires. Analytical tools used were mainly descriptive and statistical methods. The results indicate that gender constraints are influenced by gender roles. The male constraints are lack of credit to expand cultivation, land preparation, bird scaring, land availability and weeding, whilst their female counterparts are credited to expand cultivation, bird scaring, weeding, labour availability and land preparation. Furthermore, the varietal preferences of males are marketability, good taste, good cooking quality, medium plant height and good aroma, whilst good taste, early maturity, high yield, high tillering ability and marketability loom very large in females’ choice of rice varieties characteristics.  The paper concludes that Ghana needs to review her rice breeding policies to confront the challenge of low adoption of improved rice varieties, and in doing this gender constraints and preferences for varietal characteristics should be factored into breeding. Keywords: Gender constraints and preferences, varietal characteristics, lowland rice ecosystem, improved rice varietie

Modelling of the workpiece geometry effects on Ti–6Al–4V linear friction welds

Linear friction welding (LFW) is a solid-state joining process that is finding increasing interest from industry for the fabrication of titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) preforms. Currently, the effects of the workpiece geometry on the thermal fields, material flow and interface contaminant removal during processing are not fully understood. To address this problem, two-dimensional (2D) computational models were developed using the finite element analysis (FEA) software DEFORM and validated with experiments. A key finding was that the width of the workpieces in the direction of oscillation (in-plane width) had a much greater effect on the experimental weld outputs than the cross-sectional area. According to the validated models, a decrease of the in-plane width increased the burn-off rate whilst decreasing the interface temperature, TMAZ thickness and the burn-off required to remove the interface contaminants from the weld into the flash. Furthermore, the experimental weld interface consisted of a Widmanstätten microstructure, which became finer as the in-plane width was reduced. These findings have significant, practical benefits and may aid industrialisation of the LFW process.The authors would like to thank the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), The Boeing Company and The Welding Institute (TWI) for funding the research presented in this paper

The Breakdown to Turbulence of a Forced Vortex Flow at a Pipe Orifice: The Non-Linear Evolution of Initially Axisymmetric Vortices

The primary purpose of this research is to investigate non-linear and chaotic behaviour of water in a pipeline at the transition region from laminar to turbulent flow. Turbulence was generated in the flow by the use of an orifice plate which generated coherent vortices and subsequent break-down into turbulence, downstream of the orifice. The flow regime was pulsatile. This was decided specifically to obtain better control of the experimental apparatus, better control of the frequency of vortices shedding from the orifice, and because of its wider range of practical applications discussed in section 1.3. The mechanism of vortex breakdown has been addressed many times over the past century. The process by which vortices interact and degenerate is essentially non- inear. New techniques from the field of non-linear dynamics have emerged which can yield some quantitative information about the complexity of non-linear phenomena. This thesis aims to test some of these techniques, together with more traditional methods, on the experimental time series data obtained from axisymmetric vortex breakdown of a pulsed flow at a pipe orifice. An experimental rig was designed and constructed in the Civil Engineering Department, at the University of Glasgow, to produce, accurately controllable, pulsed flows within a pipe system at an orifice plate. The apparatus was designed to allow a range of parameters to be varied over the course of the investigation. Computer algorithms were written by the author to analyse the resulting data, obtained from Laser Doppler Anemometry readings. Flow visualisation techniques were also used to give a qualitative understanding of the system. Evidence was found for the development of initially axisymmetric pulsed vortex flows to a relatively low dimensional chaotic state prior to breaking down to a more complex turbulent state. The flow complexity was probed by investigating the dynamics of phase space attractors reconstructed from time series taken at various spatial locations within the developing flow field. The two techniques used for this were the Grassberger- Procaccia dimension and the Lyapunov exponent. Reconstruction of the attractors was performed using the minimum mutual information function. The flow complexity was used in conjunction with Turbulent Intensitites within the flow and the development of the flow velocity profile, to provide a comprehensive picture of the flow field development for pulsed vortex flows. In addition, the techniques from the field of non-linear dynamics were thoroughly tested in the experimental environment. The problem of noise, and its effect on the results produced has been analysed in detail

Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing

Depositing large components (>10 kg) in titanium, aluminium, steel and other metals is possible using Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing. This technology adopts arc welding tools and wire as feedstock for additive manufacturing purposes. High deposition rates, low material and equipment costs, and good structural integrity make Wire+Arc Additive Manufacturing a suitable candidate for replacing the current method of manufacturing from solid billets or large forgings, especially with regards to low and medium complexity parts. A variety of components have been successfully manufactured with this process, including Ti–6Al–4V spars and landing gear assemblies, aluminium wing ribs, steel wind tunnel models and cones. Strategies on how to manage residual stress, improve mechanical properties and eliminate defects such as porosity are suggested. Finally, the benefits of non-destructive testing, online monitoring and in situ machining are discussed