Semiautomated identification of a large number of hoverfly (Diptera: Syrphidae) species based on wing measurements

<p>Automated species identification is a promising new method of solving the problem of identification of insects. However, in most previous studies based on this method, the number of identified species was relatively low. In this study, we tested the possibility of the identification of more than 200 species of Syrphidae. The identification was based on wing measurements involving the indication of 13 landmarks. Either single-level linear discriminant analysis (LDA) or hierarchical LDA was used for classification. Identification success varied widely between species. In the case of a single level LDA, 40% of species were identified without error. Overall species classification success of a single level LDA was 89%. In the case of hierarchical LDA, overall classification success was lower; however, identification success at the lowest level of hierarchical classification was higher. Identification based on wing measurements proved to be helpful for the identification of a large number of hoverfly species. Even if the identification of some species was not effective, it allowed the identification of genera or groups of species.</p

Circular movement of honey bee spermatozoa inside spermatheca

<p>It is believed that in honey bees spermatozoa stored inside the spermatheca remain motionless, however, some studies have reported the contrary. To observe behaviour of spermatozoa inside spermathecae, we have instrumentally inseminated queens with spermatozoa stained with fluorescent stains. During the first 8 h after insemination movement of the spermatozoa was stationary, without fast forward movement. Later, we observed circular movement of the spermatozoa inside spermathecae. Numerous circles were visible at one time. The circles were located close to the spermathecal wall. Movement of the spermatozoa was also observed in spermathecae of naturally inseminated queens. The marble-like pattern of the spermathecae was changing. The changes were slow and well visible only when video recordings were played at high speed.</p

Raw data for Table A2 and Figure 3

Raw behavioural field observations used to produce Table A2 and Fig.