Wychowanie fizyczne – praca z uczniem zdolnym

Publikacja powstała w ramach projektu „Opracowanie i wdrożenie kompleksowego systemu pracy z uczniem zdolnym”Publikacja współfinansowana przez Unię Europejską w ramach Europejskiego Funduszu Społeczneg

The Effect of Exercise on the Skin Content of the Reduced Form of NAD and Its Response to Transient Ischemia and Reperfusion in Highly Trained Athletes

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is synthesized in the cellular nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria but oxidized into NAD+ almost exclusively in mitochondria. Activation of human skin by the 340 nm ultraviolet light triggers natural fluorescence at the light length of 460 nm, which intensity is proportional to the skin NADH content. This phenomenon is used by the Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) which measures changes in the skin NADH content during transient ischemia and reperfusion. We examined the effects of exercise to exhaustion on the skin changes of NADH in response to 200 s forearm ischemia and reperfusion in 121 highly trained athletes (94 men and 27 women, long-distance running, triathlon, taekwondo, rowing, futsal, sprint running, fencing, and tennis). We found that exercise until exhaustion changes the skin content of NADH, modifies NADH turnover at rest, during ischemia and reperfusion in the most superficial living skin cells. Compared to the pre-exercise, there were significant increases in: mean fluorescence recorded during rest as the baseline value (Bmean) (p < 0.001), the maximal fluorescence that increased above the baseline during controlled forearm ischemia (FImax) (p < 0.001, only in men), the minimal fluorescence after decreasing below the baseline during reperfusion (FRmin) (p < 0.001 men; p < 0.01 women) and the difference between Bmean and FRmin (Rmin) (p < 0.01), and reductions in the difference between FImax and Bmean (Imax) (p < 0.001) and Imax/IRampl ratio (CImax) (p < 0.001) after the incremental exercise test. There was no statistical difference between pre- and post-exercise the maximal range of the fluorescence change during ischemia and reperfusion (IRampl). In conclusion, exercise to exhaustion modifies the skin NADH content at rest, during ischemia and reperfusion as well as the magnitude of changes in the NADH caused by ischemia and reperfusion. Our findings suggest that metabolic changes in the skin NADH accompanying exercise extend beyond muscles and affect other cells and organs

PE students’ preparation (or its lack) for physical education teaching apprenticeships

Background. Before introducing changes into study programs one needs to recognize areas of strengths and weaknesses in current practice. In the case of physical education, school apprenticeship is one of the critical elements of pre-service teachers’ preparation. The aim of the study was to measure the level of physical education students and teachers in terms of their practical preparation for school teaching. Material and methods. In the design of the study an action research model has been employed. For collecting data a self-designed questionnaire was developed including questions in three areas: organizational, didactic and socio-cultural, using 5-point Likert scale. A sample of 128 second-year students of physical education (62 female and 66 male students) and a sample of 44 PE teachers (16 men and 28 women) were examined. Results. Both the students and pre-service teachers indicated the lowest competence in organizational aspects while the highest one in sociocultural aspects. Whereas in-service PE teachers assessed their highest competence in organizational aspects. Generally, in-service teachers’ self-evaluation was higher than the students’ one in all aspects. Conclusions. Findings showed which areas need stronger emphasis during the course of studies before students are sent to school for teacher apprenticeship. A dissonance between the examined in-service teachers’ high self-evaluation and rather inadequate tutoring of students during school teacher apprenticeship reported in other research studies is worth testing in more in-depth studies

Wpływ kryzysu wywołanego przez COVID-19 na „ekosystem” piłkarski w Europie

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie związku pandemii COVID-19 z „ekosystemem” piłkarskim, rozumianym jako zbiór klubów, rozgrywek, zawodników, kibiców, nadawców, sponsorów i organizacji zwierzchnich. Dokonano w nim analizy podejmowanych działań mających na celu neutralizację efektów wywołanych przez kryzys COVID-19 i pokazano problemy „ekosystemu” piłkarskiego, które ujawniły się w większym zakresie poprzez sytuację pandemiczną. W badaniach zastosowano metodę analizy źródeł wtórnych składających się zarówno z publikacji naukowych, jak i raportów komercyjnych. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała znaczne straty wywołane przez pandemię w sferze ekonomicznej i społecznej działalności całego „ekosystemu” piłkarskiego. Nałożenie się procesów wynikających z zarządzania kryzysowego w czasie pandemii we wszystkich elementach „ekosystemu” piłkarskiego prowadziło do większego rozwarstwienia finansowego pomiędzy klubami i ligami

Physical activity of Poles – Critical analysis of research 2010–2014

The aim of the study was an analysis of research on the physical activity (PA) carried out among Poles from 2010 – 2014 on a national scale. The obtained results concerning PA and recommended levels of PA, in particular those issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), were taken into consideration. The research articles were obtained through searching English-language scientific databases and common search engines. National-level research conducted within the Polish population aged 10 years and above were taken into account. Studies presenting the PA of Poles without division into age categories were excluded. Seven research papers presenting studies on children and adolescents (aged 10–18 years), adults (aged 19–64 years) and older adults (aged 65+ years) were included into the subsequent analysis. When referring to the accepted criteria within the PA research satisfactory levels of PA were observed in: a) 4.2% – 91.4% of female subjects and 17.9% – 93.8% of male subjects aged 10–18 years, b) 9.2% – 77.6% of male subjects and 12.0% – 77.6% of female subjects aged 19–64 years, c) 11.9% – 50.7% of male subjects and 11.1% – 50.7% of female subjects aged 65 years and above. The results obtained in the study demonstrate a very wide variability of PA levels, thus rendering these results implausible. Recommendations issued by the WHO for the PA were assumed in only two cases. The study was conducted by use of the self-reported method, primarily with research tools which did not meet psychometric standards were employed. It is necessary to perform systematic studies on the methodological correctness of research on the PA of Poles. On the basis of the study carried out from 2010 – 2014 it is difficult to answer reliably the question: ‘What are the levels of PA of Polish subjects?

Are There Any Differences between First Grade Boys and Girls in Physical Fitness, Physical Activity, BMI, and Sedentary Behavior? Results of HCSC Study

The transition from kindergarten to school is associated with a variety of negative changes. After entry to elementary school physical activity level decreases. Moreover, physical fitness level of children over the past decades have rapidly declined. Children are spending an increasing amount of time in the environments that require constant sitting. We evaluated the differences between boys and girls in physical fitness, frequency of undertaking of different forms of physical activity, prevalence of underweight and overweight, and time spent on sedentary behavior. A total of 212 first grade pupils (mean age 6.95 ± 0.43) from two standard urban schools in Poznań participated in the study. Compared to girls, boys obtained better results in 20-meter run (4.9 s and 5.0 s, p < 0.01), sit-ups (16.8 and 15.3, p < 0.05), six-minute run (829.7 m and 766.4 m, p < 0.001), and standing broad jump (106.8 cm and 99.7 cm, p < 0.01). In the sit-and-reach test girls achieved higher results than boys (17.0 cm and 14.4 cm, p < 0.001). There were no gender differences in prevalence of underweight and overweight. In conclusions, difference between genders should be taken into consideration during designing physical activity programs in the aspects of intensity and forms of physical activities

Moderate Effects of School-Based Time Increasing Physical Education Intervention on Physical Fitness and Activity of 7-Year Pupils—A Report from a Follow-Up of a HCSC Study

We evaluated the effectiveness of a 15-week intervention that increased from three to five lessons of physical education (PE) a week on 7-year-old boys’ and girls’ physical fitness (PF), physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour on week and weekend days. A total of 212 first grade pupils (mean age 6.95 ± 0.43) from two urban schools in Poznań were randomly assigned to the experimental or control groups. The PF was measured with a battery of field tests, while health-related behaviours were assessed with the Healthy Children in Sound Communities questionnaire. There were some interaction effects noticed in the PF scores in the case of a 20-min run for boys (F2,196 = 5.29, p = 0.0058) and for girls (F2,220 = 3.31, p = 0.0382) and the sit-ups test for boys (F2,196 = 1.93, p = 0.1478) and for girls (F2,220 = 3.98, p = 0.0201) and for the sit and reach test in the case of girls (F2,220 = 3.98, p = 0.0201). In terms of outdoor PA levels, there were no major differences between any of the examined groups. Differences were found between girls from the experimental and control groups in the post-test (p = 0.0107) and follow-up (p = 0.0390) during the weekdays, with no differences between the groups of boys. Despite the moderate effects of the extended PE time programme right after the intervention, there were some indications of progress in the follow-up experiments

Effects of Velocity-Based Training on Strength and Power in Elite Athletes—A Systematic Review

Due to drawbacks of the percentage-based approach, velocity-based training was proposed as a method to better and more accurately prescribe training loads to increase general and specific performance. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the studies that show effects of velocity-based resistance training on strength and power performance in elite athletes. Electronic searches of computerized databases were performed according to a protocol that was agreed by all co-authors. Four databases—SportDiscus with Full Text and MEDLINE via EBSCO, SCOPUS, and Web of Science—were searched. Seven studies were found which researched the effects of velocity-based resistance training on athletes after a given training period. The analyzed studies suggest that applying velocity losses of 10–20% can help induce neuromuscular adaptations and reduce neuromuscular fatigue. Using velocity zones as part of a separate or combined (e.g., plyometric) training program can elicit adaptations in body composition and performance parameters. Moreover, velocity zones can be programmed using a periodized or non-periodized fixed velocity zones protocol. Lastly, obtaining instantaneous feedback during training is a more effective tool for increasing performance in sport-specific parameters, and should be used by sport practitioners to help keep athletes accountable for their performance

Eating disorder risk in adolescent and adult female athletes: the role of body satisfaction, sport type, BMI, level of competition, and training background

Abstract Background Eating disorders negatively influence athletes’ health and performance. To achieve a high level of performance and conform to cultural expectations regarding an athletic body type, female athletes often restrict their diets, which can lead to eating disorders. In addition to factors related to the sports environment, adolescent athletes are subject to changes caused by the maturation process. Therefore, the same factors may have different effects on eating disorder risk among adolescent and adult athletes. This study examined the relationship between eating disorder risk, specific aspects of the sports environment (sport type, level of competition [national and international], and training background), and individual aspects (body satisfaction and body mass index) in two groups of athletes: adolescents and adults. Methods The sample included 241 highly trained female athletes aged 12–30 years (M = 20.68, SD = 4.45) recruited from different sports clubs in Poland. The subgroup of adolescents consisted of 82 athletes, while the number of adult athletes was 159. The Eating Attitudes Test questionnaire was used to assess the eating disorder risk among the athletes. Body satisfaction was measured using the Feelings and Attitudes Toward Body Scale incorporated into the Body Investment Scale. Results Eating disorder risk was prevalent among 14.6% of the adolescent and 6.9% of the adult athletes. Significant associations between eating disorder risk and the studied variables were noted only among adolescent athletes. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the occurrence of eating disorder risk was associated with participation in lean non-aesthetic sports (OR = 11.50, 95% CI: 3.58–37.09). Moreover, eating disorder risk was associated with athletes’ lower body satisfaction (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.70–0.92). Body mass index was not included in the final regression model. Conclusions The study indicated that eating disorder risk in adolescent female athletes was related to sport type and body satisfaction. The findings showed that, in adolescent athletes, eating disorder risk was the most associated with practicing lean non-aesthetic sports. Coaches and athletes should be aware that eating disorder risk increases among individuals with a lower body image