2 research outputs found
Instability of Surface-Grafted Weak Polyacid Brushes on Flat Substrates
We study the stability of weak polyacid
brush (WPAB) gradients
in aqueous media covering a range in grafting density (σ) spanning
0.05–0.5 chains/nm<sup>2</sup> using two analogous surface-anchored
bromoisobutyrate-based initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization
(ATRP) bearing either an ester or amide linker. Variations in dry
thickness of ester-based WPABs as a function of time and pH are consistent
with WPAB degrafting via linker hydrolysis catalyzed by mechanical
tension in the grafted chains. Sources of tension considered include
high σ, as well as swelling and electrostatic repulsion associated
with increasing degree of deprotonation (α) of repeat units
in the WPAB. Normalized thickness of the WPAB decreases by a maximum
amount at intermediate σ between ∼0.05−0.15 chains/nm<sup>2</sup>, implying that contributions to tension by α are counterbalanced
by charge regulation in the WPAB at high σ. Amide-based WPABs
are more stable up to 264 h incubation, suggesting that commonly used
ester-bearing ATRP initiators are more susceptible to hydrolysis over
the time scales examined
New Fluorescent Substrate Enables Quantitative and High-Throughput Examination of Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2)
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2
(VMAT2) is an essential component
of the monoaminergic neurotransmission system in the brain as it transports
monoamine neurotransmitters from the neuronal cytosol into the synaptic
vesicles and thus contributes to modulation of neurotransmitter release.
Considering the continuing interest in VMAT2 as a drug target, as
well as a target for the design of imaging probes, we have developed
a fluorescent substrate well suited for the study of VMAT2 in cell
culture. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a
new fluorescent probe, FFN206, as an excellent VMAT2 substrate capable
of detecting VMAT2 activity in intact cells using fluorescence microscopy,
with subcellular localization to VMAT2-expressing acidic compartments
without apparent labeling of other organelles. VMAT2 activity can
also be measured via microplate reader. The apparent <i>K</i><sub>m</sub> of FFN206 at VMAT2 was found to be 1.16 ± 0.10
μM, similar to that of dopamine. We further report the development
and validation of a cell-based fluorescence assay amenable to high-throughput
screening (HTS) using VMAT2-transfected HEK cells (Z′-factor
of 0.7–0.8), enabling rapid identification of VMAT2 inhibitors
and measurement of their inhibition constants over a broad range of
affinities. FFN206 thus represents a new tool for optical examination
of VMAT2 function in cell culture