Freedom and servitude: the master and slave dialectic in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit

The recognition of the other and how the other affects our individual, free self-consciousness, is explained by Hegel in the dialectic of the master-slave relationship. In Hegel's view, self-consciousness is a self-consciousness only by existing for another self-consciousness. Hegel makes it clear that the relation between individual, independent, and free, self-consciousnesses is needed for the freedom of all self-consciousness. This process first exhibits the side of the inequality of the two, one self-consciousness only recognizing, the other self-consciousness being only recognized, the master and the slave. When the slave submits to the master, the master does not directly relate to the slave. What really confronts the master is not an independent consciousness, but a dependent one, although it is in his labor that the slave transforms servitude into mastery. Since the master's desires are fulfilled by the slave in the things the slave produces, the master becomes dependent on the slave and is no longer an independent self-consciousness. The slave then recognizes he no longer needs the master to fulfill his development as a free self-consciousness. The master must thus come to acknowledge this in the slave and learn to map his own point of view on that of the slave who is emerging as independent. We come to understand both why the situation of mastery and slavery emerges, why it is inadequate as a stance of free self-consciousness and why mutual recognition alone will lead us to free self-consciousnesses discovered in a social community consisting of independent, free individuals

Improving magistrates’ awareness of vulnerable women in the criminal justice system: a pilot

Most criminal offences in the UK are committed by men which means that women make up a small proportion of offenders dealt with in the criminal justice system. In total, women who offend comprise around 5% of the custodial population and 15% of offenders in the community. The issues women in the criminal justice system face are significantly different to those of the male population with women more often having distinct vulnerabilities. For instance, women in prison are more likely to have a mental health problem and to have experienced abuse as a child or an adult. Therefore, addressing the sentencing of this population requires a specific approach. This article describes a pilot study that aimed to improve magistrates’ awareness of vulnerable women in the criminal justice system. The Vulnerable Person Focus group delivered a series of ‘Focus on Women’ awareness sessions to over 100 court staff at four courts in Northamptonshire. Following the training, the participants reported improved confidence when sentencing women offenders; that the training had influenced them to seek information about the women’s health and social care circumstances before sentencing; and that the training had made them more likely to consider alternatives to custodial sentences

The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment—A Plan for Integrated, Large Fire–Atmosphere Field Campaigns

The Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) is designed to collect integrated observations from large wildland fires and provide evaluation datasets for new models and operational systems. Wildland fire, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry models have become more sophisticated, and next-generation operational models will require evaluation datasets that are coordinated and comprehensive for their evaluation and advancement. Integrated measurements are required, including ground-based observations of fuels and fire behavior, estimates of fire-emitted heat and emissions fluxes, and observations of near-source micrometeorology, plume properties, smoke dispersion, and atmospheric chemistry. To address these requirements the FASMEE campaign design includes a study plan to guide the suite of required measurements in forested sites representative of many prescribed burning programs in the southeastern United States and increasingly common high-intensity fires in the western United States. Here we provide an overview of the proposed experiment and recommendations for key measurements. The FASMEE study provides a template for additional large-scale experimental campaigns to advance fire science and operational fire and smoke models

Case Report: Tocilizumab for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Patient With Aplastic Anemia

While cytokine storm develops in a minority of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, novel treatment approaches are desperately needed for those in whom it does. Tocilizumab, an interleukin-6 receptor antibody, has been utilized for the treatment of cytokine storm in a number of severe inflammatory conditions, including in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we present the first published case utilizing this therapy in a patient with underlying immunodeficiency. Our patient with aplastic anemia developed cytokine storm due to COVID-19 manifested by fever, severe hypoxia, pulmonary infiltrates, and elevated inflammatory markers. Following treatment with tocilizumab, cytokine storm resolved, and the patient was ultimately safely discharged from the hospital

Pseudorehearsal in value function approximation

Catastrophic forgetting is of special importance in reinforcement learning, as the data distribution is generally non-stationary over time. We study and compare several pseudorehearsal approaches for Q-learning with function approximation in a pole balancing task. We have found that pseudorehearsal seems to assist learning even in such very simple problems, given proper initialization of the rehearsal parameters

Why Post-Starburst Galaxies are Now Quiescent

Post-starburst or "E+A" galaxies are rapidly transitioning from star-forming to quiescence. While the current star formation rate of post-starbursts is already at the level of early type galaxies, we recently discovered that many have large CO-traced molecular gas reservoirs consistent with normal star forming galaxies. These observations raise the question of why these galaxies have such low star formation rates. Here we present an ALMA search for the denser gas traced by HCN (1--0) and HCO+ (1--0) in two CO-luminous, quiescent post-starburst galaxies. Intriguingly, we fail to detect either molecule. The upper limits are consistent with the low star formation rates and with early-type galaxies. The HCN/CO luminosity ratio upper limits are low compared to star-forming and even many early type galaxies. This implied low dense gas mass fraction explains the low star formation rates relative to the CO-traced molecular gas and suggests the state of the gas in post-starburst galaxies is unusual, with some mechanism inhibiting its collapse to denser states. We conclude that post-starbursts galaxies are now quiescent because little dense gas is available, in contrast to the significant CO-traced lower density gas reservoirs that still remain.Comment: accepted for publication in Ap

Enhanced mesoscopic fluctuations in the crossover between random matrix ensembles

In random-matrix ensembles that interpolate between the three basic ensembles (orthogonal, unitary, and symplectic), there exist correlations between elements of the same eigenvector and between different eigenvectors. We study such correlations, using a remarkable correspondence between the interpolating ensembles late in the crossover and a basic ensemble of finite size. In small metal grains or semiconductor quantum dots, the correlations between different eigenvectors lead to enhanced fluctuations of the electron-electron interaction matrix elements which become parametrically larger than the non-universal fluctuations.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX; 3 figure

Wavefunction statistics in open chaotic billiards

We study the statistical properties of wavefunctions in a chaotic billiard that is opened up to the outside world. Upon increasing the openings, the billiard wavefunctions cross over from real to complex. Each wavefunction is characterized by a phase rigidity, which is itself a fluctuating quantity. We calculate the probability distribution of the phase rigidity and discuss how phase rigidity fluctuations cause long-range correlations of intensity and current density. We also find that phase rigidities for wavefunctions with different incoming wave boundary conditions are statistically correlated.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX; 1 figur