Relationships between nightly warbler and sparrow nocturnal flight call (NFC) detections and average regional nightly atmospheric or ambient noise conditions estimated via generalized additive models.

a<p>Input variables were centered and scaled; thus, exponentiation of parameter estimates provides the average change in NFC detections per standard deviation change of the input variable. Standard deviations of input variables: wind profit (1.91 m/s), wind speed (1.53 m/s), rain (22.57%), cloud cover (35.27%), visibility (1.70 mi), noise (8.28 dB).</p>b<p>603 residual degrees of freedom.</p>c<p>Although the expected associations are one-directional, we report <i>P</i> from the two-sided test to avoid missing large differences in the unexpected direction <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0092218#pone.0092218-Ruxton1" target="_blank">[72]</a>.</p

Warbler and sparrow flight call relationships with atmospheric and ambient conditions.

<p>Changes in warbler (solid line) and sparrow (dashed line) nocturnal flight call (NFC) detections during the 2010 and 2011 fall migrations as a function of average regional atmospheric conditions (A–E) and ambient noise (F); associations were estimated with generalized additive models. We illustrate each variable's association (and 95% confidence interval) with the linear predictor of NFC detections when all other variables are at their mean value; we excluded the intercept and site-specific effects from the linear predictor to facilitate the comparison of effect magnitudes among variables. Note that each unit change in the linear predictor represents nearly a tripling of NFC detections. Rug plots illustrate the distribution of the input variables.</p

Microphone and weather station locations used to assess nocturnal flight call activity of migrating songbirds.

<p>Locations of microphones (circles) and National Weather Service ASOS stations (flags) used to examine the relationship between atmospheric conditions and the nocturnal flight call activity of migrating songbirds in southern Rhode Island (RI), Connecticut (CT), and New York (NY), USA, from September to November, 2010–2011. Microphone locations: N – Ninigret, T – Trustom, S – Sachuest, K – Kurz, W – Wash, L – Lapham, P – Pyne, and C – Comings. ASOS stations: 1 - Providence/T. F. Green State Airport, 2 - Newport State Airport, 3 - Westerly State Airport, 4 - Groton-New London Airport, and 5 - Montauk Airport. See text for more details.</p

Seasonal variation in warbler and sparrow nocturnal flight call rates.

<p>Seasonal variation in the number of nocturnal flight calls (NFCs) detected per active microphone for warblers (white fill) and sparrows (gray fill) during fall migration in (A) 2010 and (B) 2011 at eight coastal sites in southern Rhode Island, USA.</p

Geographic variation in the seasonal patterns of warbler and sparrow flight calls.

<p>Average seasonal pattern in warbler (solid line) and sparrow (dashed line) nocturnal flight call (NFC) detections during fall in 2010 and 2011 at eight coastal sites in southern Rhode Island, USA (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0092218#pone-0092218-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>): (A–B) two sites on the mainland coast, (C) one on Aquidneck Island, and (D–H) five on Block Island. Seasonal patterns were estimated with generalized additive models; the seasonal trend of the linear predictor (and 95% confidence interval) is illustrated with other variables held at their mean value. All plots share the same vertical scale to facilitate comparisons of NFC detections among locations. Note that each unit change in the linear predictor represents nearly a tripling of NFC detections.</p

ComplData__Brunet_etal_BMC_6624500221359074.tar

Sequence alignment data for ADAMTS proteins across species