EL GEN CRK33 ES REGULADO POR GIBERELINAS DURANTE EL DESARROLLO DEL FRUTO Arabiopsis thaliana (CRK33 GENE IS REGULATED BY GIBERELINES DURING THE DEVELOPMENT FRUIT IN Arabidopsis thaliana)

ResumenEl fruto representa una parte importante en la dieta humana y animal. En Arabidopsis thaliana, el fruto es un excelente modelo de estudio por la forma de desarrollo y los tejidos que lo conforman. Sin embargo, aún es poca la información que se tiene sobre la regulación de su desarrollo, forma y tamaño. Existen un grupo de quinasas tipo receptor (RLK´s) que participan en diversas etapas del desarrollo de la planta, a pesar de que pocas se han caracterizado funcionalmente se sabe que participan en la transducción de señales. Sin embargo, no se ha reportado su función durante el desarrollo del fruto.En el presente proyecto se aborda el estudio del gen CRK33, perteneciente a la familia de genes que codifican para proteínas quinasas de tipo receptor de RLK en plantas. En estudios recientes se ha reportado la participación e importancia de los reguladores de crecimiento vegetal o fitohormonas en el desarrollo del fruto, entre ellas las giberelinas. Hasta el momento, se ha demostrado que el gen CRK33se expresa en las hojas y frutos cuando son tratados con giberelinas exógenas, sugiriendo que éstas últimas lo regulan, no obstante, se están llevando a cabo análisis que confirmen lo antes mencionado. Por otro lado, se analizan los productos de las cruzas de la línea mutante salk-crk33 con líneas marcadoras del desarrollo del fruto a fin de encontrar cambios en el patrón de expresión. Palabras Clave:Fruto, gen CRK33, giberelinas. AbstractThe fruit represents an important part in the human and animal diet. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the fruit is an excellent study model because of the way of development and the tissues that make it up, however, there is little information about the regulation and induction of it. There is a group of receptor-type kinases (RLK´s) involved in various stages of plant development, although few have been functionally characterized as being involved in signal transduction. However, their function has not been reported during fruit development.The present project addresses the study of the CRK33 gene, belonging to the family of genes coding for protein kinases of receptor type RLK in plants.Recent studies have reported the participation and importance of plant growth regulators or phytohormones in the development of the fruit, including gibberellins.So far, it has been demonstrated that the CRK33 gene is expressed in leaves and fruits when treated with exogenous gibberellins, suggesting that the latter regulates it, however, analyzes are being carried out confirming the aforementioned. On the other hand, the products of the crosses of the salk-crk33 mutant line with fruit development marker lines are analyzed in order to find changes in the expression pattern.Keywords:Fruit, CRK33 gene, gibberellins

Intralesional infiltrations of arteriosclerotic tissue cells-free filtrate reproduce vascular pathology in healthy recipient rats

Lower-extremity arterial disease is a major health problem with increasing prevalence, often leading to non-traumatic amputation, disability and mortality. The molecular mechanisms underpinning abnormal vascular wall remodeling are not fully understood. We hypothesized on the existence of a vascular tissue memory that may be transmitted through soluble signaling messengers, transferred from humans to healthy recipient animals, and consequently drive the recapitulation of arterial wall thickening and other vascular pathologies. We examined the effects of the intralesional infiltration for 6 days of arteriosclerotic popliteal artery-derived homogenates (100 µg of protein) into rats’ full-thickness wounds granulation tissue. Animals infiltrated with normal saline solution or healthy brachial arterial tissue homogenate obtained from traumatic amputation served as controls. The significant thickening of arteriolar walls was the constant outcome in two independent experiments for animals receiving arteriosclerotic tissue homogenates. This material induced other vascular morphological changes including an endothelial cell phenotypic reprogramming that mirrored the donor’s vascular histopathology. The immunohistochemical expression pattern of relevant vascular markers appeared to match between the human tissue and the corresponding recipient rats. These changes occurred within days of administration, and with no cross-species limitation. The identification of these “vascular disease drivers” may pave novel research avenues for atherosclerosis pathobiology

Síntesis y caracterización de óxido de grafito dopado con carbonato de plata y su aplicación como fotocatalizador en la degradación del azul de metileno

Óxido grafito (OG) y OG dopado con Ag₂CO₃ (OG-Ag) fueron sintetizados por un método de Hummers modificado y evaluados en la fotodegradación de azul de metileno (AM). El OG y OG-Ag obtuvieron 50 y 80% de conversión en 30 min de reacción, respectivamente. Donde ambas reacciones se ajustaron a cinéticas de pseudo-primer orden respecto a 100 ppm de AM. Los materiales grafiticos fueron caracterizados por medio de espectroscopia FTIR, Raman, fotoelectrónica de rayos X (XPS) y Microscopia electrónica de barrido (SEM) con Espectroscopia de energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDS o EDX). Dichas micrografías mostraron comportamiento nemático debido a la formación de cúmulos superficiales de plata en la red de grafito asociados a una mala dispersión y un alto contenido de plata (c.a. 39.4% peso) obtenido por EDS.Graphite oxide (GO) and GO doped with Ag₂CO₃ (GO-Ag) were synthesized by a modified Hummers' method and evaluated in the methylene blue (MB) photodegradation. OG and OG-Ag obtained 50 and 80% conversion in 30 min of reaction, respectively. Where both reactions were adjusted to pseudo-first order kinetics with respect to 100 ppm of MB. The graphitic materials were characterized by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX). These micrographs showed nematic behaviour due to the formation of superficial clusters of silver in the graphite network associated with a poor dispersion and a high silver content (c.a. 39.4% weight) obtained by EDS

Diseño de herramientas y metodologías docentes innovadoras para la asignatura "Notación y Edición Musical" del Grado de Musicología

Diseño de herramientas y metodologías docentes innovadoras para la asignatura “Notación y Edición Musical” del Grado de Musicología (sin financiación). Carmen Julia Gutiérrez González (coord.) Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Departamento de Musicologí

Theoretical Foundations of Web 2.0 for Teaching in Higher Education

The avatars of Web 2.0 as a philosophy of educational teaching processes conception, have gained momentum in recent years. The objective of this paper is to characterize theoretically the Web 2.0 tools in terms of higher education context teaching. The study was done with documents socialized by experienced authors in the subject, coming from the region and the world. Web 2.0 has fundamental tools, such as massive and open online courses, ePortafolio, among others, which function as mediating elements in the teaching-learning process. It is concluded that the Web 2.0 supposes for higher education teachers a theoretical instrument, whose knowledge and application is reverted in university teaching quality.</p

Problem based learning in dentistry ducation

Learning is a topic of constant discussion in the pedagogical sciences field. Within this, the student protagonism is a complex subject, which has as an alternative problem based learning. The aim of this article is to review the research supporting the effectiveness of problem based learning as a teaching method in dental education. This concept was introduced in the 1960s in Canada in response to the problems and limitations of traditional approaches to teaching. The theoretical aspects of problem based approach to learning, as well as its different trends, extrapolated to dentistry education, are presented and discussed. Problem based learning can improve dentistry students’ critical thinking by teaching them to analyze and solve real problems which prepare them for their future professional life

<em>In vitro</em> Evaluation of the Phagocytosis Activity of Neutrophils and Characterization of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> Mastitis in Dairy Cows of Small Family Farms

A total of 269 cows in small family herds in the central region of México from different municipalities of México State were studied. Composed milk samples were obtained to detect subclinical mastitis and S. aureus infection and for characterization of phenotypes as follows: biotypes, capsular exopolysaccharide 5 and 8, ORSA/MRSA and MRSA strains; and in vitro phagocytosis neutrophil activity and apoptosis by S. aureus serotype 5. Results were evaluated by estimating proportions and chi-square test (p < 0.05). The microbial isolation rate was 46%; S. aureus isolation rate was 23.4–21.0% among cow herds; 39% of microbial isolates were in 1500–2500 cells/mL, with Wisconsin test. The phenotypes of S. aureus were: biotypes A and C are identified frequently that produce alpha and beta-hemolysin toxins, and a smaller proportion other hemolysins types. S. aureus isolates capsular serotypes 5 and 8 show differences in the in vitro neutrophil phagocytosis activity and apoptosis. The ORSA/MRSA isolates show that MRSA strains? mec A gene was confirmed by PCR. The S. aureus infection level in the dairy cow herds shows a wide municipal distribution, identifying different S. aureus pathotypes enclosed to virulence factors and MRSA to establish a potential health risk in small dairy cow herds in México

MECANISMOS DE SILENCIAMIENTO GÉNICO DURANTE EL DESARROLLO DEL GAMETOFITO FEMENINO EN Arabidopsis thaliana (MECHANISMS OF GENE SILENCING DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE IN Arabidopsis thaliana)

ResumenSilenciar un gen significa disminuir la expresión del mismo y a partir de los efectos, afectar su función, actuando a diferentes niveles, por ejemplo, silenciamiento transcripcional (TGS), silenciamiento post-transcripcional (PTGS) y traduccional. Los cuales, presentan elementos comunes mediados por ARNs pequeños (RNAp), que proporcionan especificidad y se acomplejan con proteínas efectoras del silenciamiento génico. Recientemente se reportó la participación de ARNs pequeños  en la determinación de la identidad de la célula madre de la megaspora. En este trabajo se plantea una estrategia para estudiar las rutas de silenciamiento que participan en la regulación de la identidad celular durante el desarrollo del gametofito femenino. Para lo anterior se generaron líneas silenciadoras del gen GUS (GUSRNAi). Posteriormente se seleccionaron algunas de estas líneas para ser cruzadas con los marcadores del desarrollo del gemetofito femenino. Se obtuvieron imágenes que reflejaron la actividad de las líneas marcadoras durante el desarrollo reproductivo. En las plantas de la línea GUSRNAi;Marcadora se observó una expresión atenuada o nula del marcador de identidad. Lo anterior demostró la capacidad de la lineas para llevar a cabo silenciamiento génico en células del gametofino femenino.Palabras clave: Gametogénesis, linaje celular, ARNs. AbstracSilencing a gene means decreasing its expression affecting its function, acting at different levels, for example transcriptional silencing (TGS), post-transcriptional silencing (PTGS) and translational silencing. They present common elements mediated by small RNAs (RNAs), which provide specificity and form complexes with gene silencing effector proteins. The participation of small RNAs in the determination of the identity of the megaspore mother cell was recently reported. In this work, a strategy is proposed to study the gene silencing pathways involved in the regulation of cell identity during the development of the female gametophyte. For this, we generated silencing lines of the GUS gene (GUSRNAi). Subsequently, some of these lines were selected to be crossed with the developmental marker of the female gametophyte, ET2209. Images that reflected the activity of the marker lines during reproductive development were obtained. While in plants GUSRNAi;ET2209 we observed an attenuated or null expression of the identity cell marker. The above demonstrated the ability of these lines to carry out gene silencing in female gametophyte cells.Keywords: Gametogenesis, cell lineage, RNAs

Comparación de la eficiencia de transformación entre diferentes cepas de E. coli

La transformación es la introducción y expresión de ADN exógeno por células bacterianas. La eficiencia de la transformación puede medirse en unidades formadoras de colonia/ml (UFC/ml) y es susceptible al método utilizado, a la cepa bacteriana utilizada para la expresión y al propio vector. En este trabajo se busca evaluar las diferencias en la eficiencia de transformación de dos plasmidos de expresión (pExp-Lib y pSF-CMVUb-puro-SV40 Ori Sbfl), en cuatro cepas diferentes de E. coli (DH5, BL21, XL1-Blue y TG1) utilizando un método de preparación de células competentes basado en el uso de MgCl2 /CaCl2 . En todas las cepas utilizadas, el crecimiento bacteriano y la eficiencia de transformación fueron mayores para las cepas con el vector pExp, a excepción de BL21, donde la eficiencia fue más elevada para el vector pSF

Morphology Effect of Silver Nanostructures on the Performance of a P3HT:Graphene:AgNs-Based Active Layer Obtained via Dip Coating

We report the effect of the use of different silver nanostructures (AgNs) layers deposited via dip coating onto a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and solution processable functionalized graphene (SPFGraphene) composite film intended to be used as active layer in BHJ devices. SPFGraphene was added to P3HT in a ratio of 1.5 wt%. The best results were achieved when a layer of silver nano-pseudospheres (AgNPSs) obtained after 10 immersion cycles was used as coating; in this case the highest light trapping and efficiency percent (η=0.23%) were achieved. This means an increase of ~11.3% in comparison with the efficiency of the noncoated P3HT:SPFGraphene composite. Results also indicate that graphene was successfully functionalized in order to obtain appropriate dispersion in P3HT and that such conjugated polymer remained unaltered after the addition of SPFGraphene. Finally, it can be concluded that the electrical properties of the as-synthesized films are dependent on the shape and concentration of the AgNs deposited via dip coating