Unforgiveness, depression, and health in later life: the protective factor of forgivingness

Objectives: Feeling unforgiven by others has been linked to poor health outcomes. The current study examined whether feeling unforgiven by others is associated with depression and self-rated health among older adults in the United States. The potential moderating roles of forgiving others and self-forgiveness in the association between unforgiveness and both depression and self-rated health was also assessed along with gender differences. Method: Data were drawn from a sample of 1009 adults in Wave 2 of the Religion, Aging, and Health Survey, a national sample of adults aged over 67. Depression was measured using the eight item short form from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale. Self-rated health was assessed with a one-item indicator. Results: Analyses indicated that higher levels of self-forgiveness ameliorated the relationship between unforgiveness by others and depression for men and women and higher levels of forgiving others attenuated the association between unforgiveness by others and depression for women. Self-forgiveness was protective of depression for women who reported unforgiveness by others and low levels of forgiving others. Regardless of levels of self-forgiveness, men who were most likely to forgive others experienced a significant association between unforgiveness by others and depression. Neither forgiving others nor the self were significant moderators in the association between unforgiveness and self-rated health. Conclusion: Forgiving others and the self may be protective of well-being when women feel unforgiven by others. These findings have implications for forgiveness intervention programs and contribute to literature pertaining to forgiveness and health in later life

Crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade do tomateiro cultivado em substrato com três concentrações de nitrogênio na solução nutritiva Growth, development and yield of tomato plants grown in substrate under three nitrogen concentrations of the nutrient solution

Determinou-se o efeito de três concentrações de N da solução nutritiva sobre o crescimento e produtividade do tomateiro cultivado em substrato, no outono e na primavera. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no interior de um túnel alto de polietileno, no Departamento de Fitotecnia da UFSM, empregando-se o híbrido Monte Carlo. As semeaduras foram feitas em 8 de fevereiro e 5 de julho de 2002 e o plantio no interior do túnel aos 36 e 40 dias após a semeadura, no outono e na primavera, respectivamente. Foi empregada uma sacola para cada planta, contendo 5,5dm³ de substrato comercial (Plantmax®), com uma planta por sacola e densidade de 3,3 plantas m-2. Os nutrientes foram fornecidos através de uma solução nutritiva contendo, em mmol L-1: 5,5 de KNO3; 1,3 de KH2PO4; 2,75 de Ca(NO3)2; 0,75 de MgSO4, com adição de ferro quelatizado e micronutrientes. O tratamento T2 foi igual a solução de referência, com 11,0 mmolN L-1. No tratamento T1, a concentração de nitrogênio da solução nutritiva foi reduzida para 5,5mmolN L-1, enquanto em T3 foi aumentada para 15,16mmolN L-1. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições e 15 plantas por parcela. Foi feita análise do crescimento e desenvolvimento mediante coleta de plantas aos 33, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76 e 83 dias após o plantio (DAP), no outono, e aos 55, 62, 69, 78, 85 e 92 DAP, na primavera. A produtividade foi medida através da massa verde de frutos. O número de folhas foi inferior nas plantas de T3, no outono e na primavera, enquanto o número de frutos foi mais elevado nas plantas de T1 no cultivo de primavera. A massa seca de frutos no outono evoluiu sem diferenças significativas entre os três tratamentos. Na primavera, essa variável foi inferior nas plantas de T3 ao final do experimento. A produtividade de frutos atingiu valores médios de 5,4; 5,5 e 5,2kg m-2 no outono e de 6,7; 7,7 e 5,8kg m-2 na primavera, respectivamente para T1, T2 e T3, com produtividade máxima estimada de 7,8kg m-2 na dose de 9,3mmolN L-1. Concluiu-se que a concentração de N na solução nutritiva afetou o crescimento e a produtividade da cultura do tomateiro em substrato, porém não foi observada resposta similar nos dois ciclos de cultivo.<br>The effect of three N concentrations of the nutrient solution on growth and yield of tomato plants grown in substrate was determined in autumn and spring growing periods. Two experiments were conducted inside a polyethylene tunnel, at Departamento de Fitotecnia - UFSM, using the hybrid Monte Carlo. Sowing was made on February 8 and on July 5, 2002, and planting inside the tunnel 36 and 40 days later, in autumn and spring, respectively. Plants were grown in plastic bags filled with 5.5dm³ of commercial substrate (Plantmax®), with one plant per bag and a plant density of 3.3 plants m-2. Nutrients were supplied to plants by a complete nutrient solution, with the following composition, in mmol L-1: 5.5 of KNO3; 1.3 of KH2PO4; 2.75 of Ca(NO3)2; 0.75 of MgSO4, with iron chelate and micronutrients. The treatment T2 was the nutrient solution described above, with 11.0mmolN L-1. For treatment T1, the N concentration of the nutrient solution was reduced to 5.5mmolN L-1, whereas for T3 it was increased to 15.16mmolN L-1. A randomised experimental design was used, with four replications and 15 plants per plot. Plants were harvested at 33, 48, 55, 62, 69, 76 and 83 days after planting (DAP) in autumn, and at 55, 62, 69, 78, 85 and 92 DAP in spring, to measure plant growth and development. Crop yield was determined by fresh weight of fruits. The number of leaves was lower on T3 plants in autumn and spring, whereas the number of fruits was higher on T1 plants in spring. The dynamics of fruit dry mass accumulation did not show significant differences among treatments in autumn. In spring, the lowest value of this variable was recorded on T3 plants. Mean values of fresh fruit weight reached 5.4; 5.5 and 5.2kg m 2 in autumn, and 6.7; 7.7 and 5.8kg m-2 in spring, for T1 T2 and T3, respectively, fitting well a polynomial model with estimated maximum fruit yield of 7.8kg m-2 at a N concentration of 9.3mmolN L-1. It was concluded that N concentration of the nutrient solution affected the growth and yield of the tomato crop, but a similar effect was not observed in autumn and spring growing periods