Effect of Air Manipulation and Feedstock Control on Quality of Producer Gas of Downdraft Wood Gasifier

本研究係以固定床向下氣流式氣化爐來進行氣化實驗，並以柳安木顆粒(尺寸：15mm×15mm×15mm)作為生質燃料，而本氣化爐之爐體為圓柱形爐體，其爐床直徑為200mm、高度為1000mm。 本實驗並針對空氣流量、燃料含水量及空氣預熱溫度等變因，探討其對氣體成份、產氣熱值及產氣率所造成的影響。經由實驗得知本氣化爐最佳操作狀態之空燃比為2.58 Kg/Kg-2.37 Kg/Kg之間，其進料速率為6.02 Kg/h-8.18 Kg/h，而可燃氣之高熱值(HHV)約為5.2(MJ/Nm3)，此狀態下之產氣率為19.87 (Nm3/h)。An experimental investigation of a fixed-bed downdraft gasifier was carried out using wood pellets (Lauan wood, size：15mm×15mm×15mm), The downdraft gasifier is a cylindrical vessel having a diameter of 200mm and a height of 1000mm. The effect of air flow rate, moisture content and air preheating temperature on the gas composition, calorific value and the gas production rate is presented.The optimum operation of the gasifier is found to be between 2.58 (Kg/Kg) and 2.37 (Kg/Kg) of air fuel ratios at the values of 6.02 and 8.18 (Kg/h) of wet feed rate which produces the producer gas with a good HHV of about 5.2 (MJ/Nm3) at a volumetric flow of 19.87 (Nm3/h) product gas.目錄 摘要 英文摘要 目錄 表目錄 圖目錄 符號說明 第一章 緒論...……………………………………………………1 1-1 前言…………………………………………………………1 1-2 研究動機……………………………………………………2 1-3 研究目的……………………………………………………2 1-4 文獻回顧……………………………………………………2 1-4.1 空氣輸配之影響研究…………………………………3 1-4.2 燃料性質對產氣品質之影響…………………………4 1-4.3 氣化條件對產氫量之影響……………………………5 1-4.4 氣化爐及周邊設備之發展……………………………6 第二章 氣化爐理論基礎………………………………………….7 2-1 氣化爐基本原理……………………………………………7 2-1.1 乾燥區…………………………………………………8 2-1.2 熱解區…………………………………………………8 2-1.3 燃燒區…………………………………………………9 2-1.4 氣化區…………………………………………………9 2-2 燃燒過程之理論分析…………………………………….10 第三章 實驗設備及步驟…………………………………………12 3-1 氣化爐本體及周邊設備………………………………….12 3-1.1 氣化爐爐體……………………………………………….13 3-1.2 進氣裝置…………………………………………….15 3-1.3 自動點火裝置……………………………………….15 3-1.4 排灰裝置…………………………………………….15 3-1.5 冷卻裝置…………………………………………….16 3-1.6 進料裝置…………………………………………….16 3-1.7 煙霧阻擋置………………………………………….17 3-1.8 燃料前處理設備…………………………………….17 3-2 量測與分析設備…………………………………………….18 3-2.1 溫度量測系統……………………………………….18 3-2.2 氣體採樣裝置……………………………………….19 3-2.3 氣體分析設備……………………………………….19 3-2.4 重量量測設備……………………………………….21 3-3 進料控制系統…………………………………………….21 3-4 實驗步驟………………………………………………….22 第四章 實驗結果與討論…………………………………………24 4-1 實驗操果………………………………………………….24 4-1.1 風量實驗之操作果………………………………….25 4-1.2 預熱空氣實驗之操作果…………………………….27 4-1.3 燃料含水量實驗之操作果………………………….29 4-2 結果分析討論…………………………………………….30 4-2.1 風量實驗結果分析討論…………………………….30 4-2.1.1 風量對燃料消耗率之影響…………………….33 4-2.1.2 風量對產氣熱值之影響……………………….33 4-2.1.3 風量對火焰傳遞速率之影響………………….34 4-2.2 預熱空氣實驗之結果與討論……………………….35 4-2.2.1 預熱空氣對產氣熱值之影響………………….35 4-2.2.2 預熱空氣對火焰傳遞速率之影響…………….35 4-2.3 燃料含水量實驗之結果與討論…………………….37 4-2.3.1 燃料含水量對產氣熱值之影響……………….37 4-2.3.2 燃料含水量對火焰傳遞速率之影響………….38 4-2.4 進料控制對產氣熱值之影響……………………….38 第五章 結論………………………………………………………39 參考文獻……………………………………………………………6

Automated isolation of high-purity plasma albumin for isotope ratio measurements

Department of Surgery, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. Measurement of the incorporation of labeled amino acids in plasma albumin, isolated from plasma sampled at different time points after infusion start is a well-known technique to study human albumin synthesis. Unfortunately, no chromatographic method has been described yet, enabling the automated isolation of high-purity albumin from large numbers of plasma samples as is required to study the kinetics of this process. Therefore, we developed a fast protein liquid chromatographic method, capable of processing 200 microliters amounts of plasma in 74 min (injection to injection). The system can run unattended as the FPLC system is connected to a sample processor equipped with a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) sample loop and a cooled sample tray. Albumin isolation was divided into three steps. First, plasma samples were injected onto a 1-ml Blue Sepharose HiTrap affinity column, equilibrated with 50 mmol/l phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). After elution of non-binding protein, switching the solvent to phosphate buffer with 1.5 mol/l sodium chloride eluted albumin. The resulting albumin fraction was desalted on-line by directing it through two consecutive HiTrap 5-ml desalting columns, whereafter it was retained in the system within a 5-ml PTFE loop, connected to a motor value. After switching this valve, thus bypassing the sample loop, the phosphate buffers were changed automatically to Tris buffers. Final purification involved elution of the captured fraction over a 1-ml ion-exchange Resource Q column, using a sodium chloride gradient, ranging from 0 to 0.5 mol/l in Tris buffer (20 mmol/l, pH 7.5). A more than 99% purity of the final albumin fraction was confirmed by capillary electrophoresis

Response of glutamine metabolism to glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition

Increasing evidence suggests that glutamine is important for the function of many organ systems and supports the use of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition (TPN) during severe illness. However, the effect of prolonged glutamine supplementation on glutamine kinetics has not been studied.We investigated the effect of 8-10 d of TPN enriched with glutamine dipeptides on glutamine kinetics.Twenty-three preoperative patients were randomly allocated to receive either TPN enriched with glutamine dipeptides (60 micromol glutamine*kg body wt(-1)*h(-1)) or isonitrogenous, isoenergetic, glutamine-free TPN. A primed, continuous, 6-h intravenous infusion of L-[5-(15)N]glutamine and L-[1-(13)C]leucine was given before (baseline) and 8-10 d after the TPN solutions were administered. Baseline measurements were performed after a 40-h administration of a standard solution of glucose and amino acids (no glutamine).Glutamine-enriched TPN increased the total appearance rate of glutamine (P: <0.05) but did not inhibit or increase the endogenous appearance rate. The standard TPN solution also increased the glutamine appearance rate (P: <0.05), but the change was much smaller than in the glutamine-supplemented group (P: <0.01). The plasma glutamine concentration did not rise significantly during either treatment, suggesting increased tissue glutamine utilization, especially in the glutamine-supplemented group.In view of the enhanced glutamine requirements in response to trauma and disease by tissues such as those of the gut, the immune system, and the liver, increased glutamine availability during glutamine-enriched TPN may be beneficial preoperatively in patients with gastrointestinal disease

The effect of fish oil on lipid profile and viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions in CAPD patients

In this study we investigated the effects of a daily supplementation of 6 g Super-EPA containing 3 g of the marine fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C 20:5 omega-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C 22:6 omega-3) for a period of 8 weeks in nine patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The concentrations of both HDL2 cholesterol and total HDL cholesterol increased (P<0.05) and there was a marked reduction in triglycerides (P<0.05). The viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions at a haematocrit of 0.80 decreased at most shear rates, suggesting an increased erythrocyte deformability. Mean corpuscular volume decreased (P<0.05) and total cholesterol and phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane increased. We conclude that the daily use of 3 g of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by CAPD patients produces favourable effects on lipid profile and viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions, which may be of importance in protecting these patients against a further progression of atherosclerosis

The effect of fish oil on lipid profile and viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions in CAPD patients

In this study we investigated the effects of a daily supplementation of 6 g Super-EPA containing 3 g of the marine fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C 20:5 omega-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C 22:6 omega-3) for a period of 8 weeks in nine patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The concentrations of both HDL2 cholesterol and total HDL cholesterol increased (P<0.05) and there was a marked reduction in triglycerides (P<0.05). The viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions at a haematocrit of 0.80 decreased at most shear rates, suggesting an increased erythrocyte deformability. Mean corpuscular volume decreased (P<0.05) and total cholesterol and phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane increased. We conclude that the daily use of 3 g of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by CAPD patients produces favourable effects on lipid profile and viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions, which may be of importance in protecting these patients against a further progression of atherosclerosis

Absence of glutamine isotopic steady state: implications for the assessment of whole-body glutamine production rate.

Department of Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. 1.During infusion of [5-15N]glutamine in patients with gastrointestinal cancer we unexpectedly observed a gradual decrease in time of the appearance rate (Ra) of glutamine in plasma. Here we investigate whether the failure to achieve a plateau isotopic enrichment in plasma is, among other factors, due to incomplete equilibration of the glutamine tracer with the large intramuscular free glutamine pool.2.Plasma and intramuscular glutamine enrichment were measured during 6-11 h infusions of L-[5-15N]glutamine and L-[1-13C]glutamine in post-absorptive patients admitted to hospital for elective abdominal surgery. L-[1-13C]Leucine and L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine were infused to measure the proportion of glutamine appearing in plasma directly due to its release from protein.3.The glutamine tracer entered muscle, but the rise in intramuscular glutamine enrichment was small, presumably as a result of the enormous size of the intramuscular glutamine pool and the limited speed of entry of glutamine into muscle. In each patient the intramuscular glutamine enrichment was lower than that in plasma (P<0.001), and both increased with tracer infusion time (P<0.001), indicating incomplete equilibration of the glutamine tracer.4.A comparison of the results obtained by the two glutamine tracers indicated that recycling of the nitrogen label contributed to about 15% of the decrease in Ra.5.There was a gradual reduction in the glutamine release from proteolysis, which contributed to 16-21% of the decline in Ra.6.We conclude that slow equilibration of the glutamine tracer with the large muscle glutamine pool significantly contributes to the absence of isotopic steady state. Consequently, the appearance rate of glutamine in plasma measured during short tracer infusion periods (hours) considerably overestimates the whole-body glutamine flux. Publication Types: Clinical Tria