Amazonian earthworm biodiversity is heavily impacted by ancient and recent human disturbance

Despite the importance of earthworms for soil formation, more is needed to know about how Pre-Columbian modifications to soils and the landscape. Gaining a deeper understanding is essential for comprehending the historical drivers of earthworm communities and the development of effective conservation strategies in the Amazon rainforest. Human disturbance can significantly impact earthworm diversity, especially in rainforest soils, and in the particular case of the Amazonian rainforest, both recent and ancient anthropic practices may be important. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by sedentary habits and intensification patterns of pre-Colombian societies primarily developed in the second part of the Holocene period. We have sampled earthworm communities in three Brazilian Amazonian (ADEs) and adjacent reference soils (REF) under old and young forests and monocultures. To better assess taxonomic richness, we used morphology and the barcode region of the COI gene to identify juveniles and cocoons and delimit Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). Here we suggest using Integrated Operational Taxonomical units (IOTUs) which combine both morphological and molecular data and provide a more comprehensive assessment of diversity, while MOTUs only rely on molecular data. A total of 970 individuals were collected, resulting in 51 taxonomic units (IOTUs, MOTUs, and morphospecies combined). From this total, 24 taxonomic units were unique to REF soils, 17 to ADEs, and ten were shared between both soils. The highest richness was found in old forest sites for ADEs (12 taxonomic units) and REFs (21 taxonomic units). The beta-diversity calculations reveal a high species turnover between ADEs and REF soils, providing evidence that ADEs and REFs possess distinct soil biota. Furthermore, results suggest that ADE sites, formed by Pre-Columbian human activities, conserve a high number of native species in the landscape and maintain a high abundance, despite their long-term nature

A“Dirty” Footprint: Macroinvertebrate diversity in Amazonian Anthropic Soils

International audienceAmazonian rainforests, once thought to be pristine wilderness, are increasingly known to have been widely inhabited, modified, and managed prior to European arrival, by human populations with diverse cultural backgrounds. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs) are fertile soils found throughout the Amazon Basin, created by pre-Columbian societies with sedentary habits. Much is known about the chemistry of these soils, yet their zoology has been neglected. Hence, we characterized soil fertility, macroinvertebrate communities, and their activity at nine archeological sites in three Amazonian regions in ADEs and adjacent reference soils under native forest (young and old) and agricultural systems. We found 673 morphospecies and, despite similar richness in ADEs (385 spp.) and reference soils (399 spp.), we identified a tenacious pre-Columbian footprint, with 49% of morphospecies found exclusively in ADEs. Termite and total macroinvertebrate abundance were higher in reference soils, while soil fertility and macroinvertebrate activity were higher in the ADEs, and associated with larger earthworm quantities and biomass. We show that ADE habitats have a unique pool of species, but that modern land use of ADEs decreases their populations, diversity, and contributions to soil functioning. These findings support the idea that humans created and sustained high-fertility ecosystems that persist today, altering biodiversity patterns in Amazonia

Labiotermes oreadicus Constantino, new species

<i>Labiotermes oreadicus</i> Constantino, new species <p> <b>Holotype:</b> soldier, part of lot UnB­241, 27.ii.1997, R. Constantino</p> <p> <b>Type­locality:</b> Brazil. Goiás State. Serra da Mesa (Fig. 20).</p> <p> <b>Paratypes:</b> workers, same data as holotype (UnB­241).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> <i>Oréades</i> corresponds to the Cerrado biome in the classification proposed by the German botanist von Martius. The word comes from the Latin <i>oreadis</i> and the Greek <i>oreias</i>, mountain nymph. In this case, <i>oreadicus</i> means inhabitant of the Cerrado.</p> <p> <b>Imago.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Soldier</b> (Figs. 8 A–F, 11H). Head capsule subrectangular, with parallel sides in dorsal view. Frontal tube short but conspicuous, with broad tip, upturned. Top of head convex in profile. Antenna with 16 articles. Labrum wider than long; sides convex. Mandibles moderately elongate and robust. Left mandible: cutting edge between apical and 1st marginal slightly S­shaped; cutting edge between marginal teeth slightly concave. Right mandible with two marginal teeth, about the same size. Front coxa without a lateral projection near base. Head capsule and labrum brownish yellow; thorax and legs lighter than head capsule; tergites and sternites yellowish. Head capsule with numerous short and straight bristles of relatively uniform size; postmentum with numerous bristles on anterior half; pronotum with many bristles on margins and surface; mesonotum with metanotum with tergites and sternites densely covered with bristles and fine hairs. Measurements in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The mandibles and postmentum of <i>L. oreadicus</i> are distinct (Fig. 11 H). It is also much larger than most other species, except <i>L. guasu</i>, which has very few bristles on the head.</p> <p> <b>Worker</b> (Figs. 8 G–J, 13H, 14E, 15 O –P, 16H). Head capsule and postclypeus with numerous bristles. Pronotum with numerous bristles on anterior lobe and a row of bristles on posterior margin. Mesonotum with a line of bristles on posterior margin. Front coxa without any projection near base. Antenna with 15–16 articles. Fontanelle large and rounded. Enteric valve armature with 3 distinct ridges of unequal sizes covered with dense, fine, and long hairs, and 3 vestigial ridges with long hairs. Mixed segment withtwo mesenteric lobes; large with a very narrow part closer to the mesenteron and an oval distal part; small lobe narrow and elongate. Measurements in Table 3.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The workers of <i>L. oreadicus</i> can be recognized by its large size and the absence of a projection on the front coxa. Among all other species, only <i>L. guasu</i> and <i>L. labralis</i> lack this projection, but their heads have very few bristles. The enteric valve of <i>L. oreadicus</i> is distinct (Fig. 16 H).</p>Published as part of <i>Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340</i> on pages 24-25, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174374">10.5281/zenodo.174374</a&gt

Labiotermes Holmgren

Genus <i>Labiotermes</i> Holmgren <p> <i>Cornitermes</i> (<i>Labiotermes</i>) Holmgren, 1912: 50</p> <p> <i>Labiotermes</i> Holmgren in Sjöstedt 1926: 150 [part]; Emerson & Banks 1965 [revision]; Mathews 1977: 207 –208 [redescription]</p> <p> <b>Type­species:</b> <i>Cornitermes labralis</i> Holmgren, designated by Sjöstedt (1926: 150).</p> <p> <b>New synonym:</b> <i>Paracornitermes</i> Emerson (in Snyder 1949: 333). Type­species: <i>Cornitermes laticephalus</i> Silvestri, 1901; Mathews 1977: 203–207 [redescription].</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> Holmgren (1912) does not mention the etymology. Based on his diagnosis, the name <i>Labiotermes</i> apparently comes from the Latin word <i>labium</i>, lip, and refers to the enlarged labrum of the soldiers of some species, especially <i>L. labralis</i>.</p> <p> <b>Imago.</b> Head capsule rounded. Eyes medium to large. Ocelli conspicuous. Fontanelle triangular, eliptical or elongate. Postclypeus moderately to strongly inflated; median line conspicuous. Mandibles similar to workers, except that the molar plate is narrow. Antennae with 16–18 articles. Pronotum almost as wide as head with eyes. Tibial spurs 2:2:2.</p> <p> <b>Soldier.</b> Monomorphic or dimorphic. Head capsule large and subrectangular in dorsal view. Frontal tube short, never reaching the labrum. Antennae with 15–16 articles. Labrum long, tongue­shaped, with convex sides and a hyaline tip. Mandibles robust. Left mandible with two marginal teeth, large in some species and vestigial in others. Right mandible with one or two marginal teeth close to its base. Pronotum with strongly raised anterior lobe. Meso­ and metanotum with a row of minute spines on lateral margins. Front coxa with or without a lateral projection near base. Front and middle femur with numerous short and thick bristles on dorsal side. Tibial spurs 2:2:2.</p> <p> <b>Worker.</b> Monomorphic. Head capsule light colored. Abdomen very large and transparent, showing dark gut content. Left mandible: left mandible index 0.8–1.4; M1 large and conspicuous; M2 absent; M3 smaller than M1; cutting edge between M1 and M3 sinuous; distance from M3 to M4 more than half the distance from M1 to M3; M4 hidden under the molar prominence in dorsal view. Right mandible: M1 large and conspicuous; M2 small; molar plate wide and concave, without ridges. Antennae with 15–16 articles.</p> <p>Pronotum with strongly raised anterior lobe. Meso­ and metanotum with a row of minute spines on lateral margins. Front coxa with or without a lateral projection near base. Front and middle femur with numerous short and thick bristles on dorsal side. Tibial spurs 2:2:2.</p> <p> <b>Gut morphology (worker).</b> Crop small. Mixed segment with one large and one small mesenteric lobe (the small one is vestigial in <i>L. brevilabius</i>). Malpighian tubules inserted in two pairs at the junction of mesenteron and proctodeum, between the mesenteric lobes. Proctodeum very large. First segment (P1) strongly dilated, about the same size as the third (P3 or paunch). Enteric valve wide. Armature with 1–6 ridges of irregular sizes covered with short and straight or long and curved, hair­like spines.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> <i>Labiotermes</i> belongs to a group which also includes <i>Syntermes</i>, <i>Procornitermes</i> and <i>Cornitermes</i>. They share similar soldiers, with more or less rectangular head capsule, short frontal tube and strong mandibles, and similar gut morphology. Soldiers and workers of <i>Labiotermes</i> can be readily identified by the presence of a line of minute spines on the lateral margins of both the meso­ and metanotum. The imagos of 4 species of <i>Labiotermes</i> remain unknown, and the same is true for several species among the related genera. The imagos of <i>Syntermes</i> have antennae with 19–21 articles and their tibial spurs are 3:2:2. The imagos of both <i>Syntermes</i> and <i>Cornitermes</i> have mandibles with short apical teeth and conspicuous molar ridges. The imagos of <i>Procornitermes</i> are more difficult to distinguish because some species have antennae with 15–16 articles and mandibles without molar ridges. They can be differentiated by the narrower gap between M3 and M4 on left mandible. <i>Armitermes</i> and <i>Embiratermes</i> are heterogeneous, probably non­monophyletic genera and the imagos of many species remain unknown. They are generally smaller and have antenna with 15 articles, but the mandibles of their imagos are very similar to those of <i>Labiotermes</i>.</p> <p> <b>Remark 1.</b> The new synonymy is justified because these species comprise a relatively small, very uniform and clearly monophyletic group. The separation of <i>Paracornitermes</i> from <i>Labiotermes</i> was based only on the larger teeth of soldier mandibles of the former. The dentition of soldier mandibles, however, can be quite variable between different species of the same genus (Fig. 11) and often shows significant intra­specific variation.</p> <p> <b>Remark 2.</b> Neither Holmgren (1912) nor Emerson & Banks (1965) presented a diagnosis or formal description of <i>Labiotermes</i>, and the original description of <i>Paracornitermes</i> was very brief. Araujo (1954) redescribed <i>Paracornitermes</i> in a little more detail. The most detailed previous descriptions of both genera were those presented by Mathews (1977), who argued that they should be merged into a single genus.</p> <p> <b>Remark 3.</b> The following species were previously included in <i>Labiotermes</i> but are clearly unrelated: <i>Cornitermes corniferous</i> Sjöstedt, <i>Cornitermes rhinoceros</i> Sjöstedt and <i>Ceratotermes valens</i> Silvestri (Holmgren 1912; Sjöstedt 1926). Their soldiers are superficially similar to those of <i>Labiotermes</i>, but the worker morphology show a completely different pattern (Sands 1998). Snyder (1949) lists these African species in the genus <i>Ceratotermes</i>, subfamily Termitinae. The taxonomic position of <i>Ceratotermes</i> is discussed by Emerson (1952: 481–482), who argues that it is not related to <i>Labiotermes</i>. Later, Krishna (1963) transferred these three species to the genus <i>Foraminitermes</i> Holmgren.</p> <p> <b>Remark 4.</b> <i>Labiotermes</i> and <i>Paracornitermes</i> have been included in Nasutitermitinae by most previous authors. Engel & Krishna (2004) transferred <i>Labiotermes</i> to their new subfamily Syntermitinae, which also includes <i>Syntermes</i>, <i>Cornitermes</i> and <i>Procornitermes</i>. However, they did not mention <i>Paracornitermes</i> nor the other 9 genera of mandibulate nasutes (<i>Armitermes</i>, <i>Cahuallitermes</i>, <i>Curvitermes</i>, <i>Cyrilliotermes</i>, <i>Embiratermes</i>, <i>Ibitermes</i>, <i>Macuxitermes</i>, <i>Noirotitermes</i> and <i>Rhynchotermes</i>). The phylogenetic relations of the mandibulate nasutes are not clear (Donovan <i>et al.</i> 2000), and according to Miller (1986) they form a paraphyletic group. In our opinion, the separation of these 4 genera in a new subfamily is not a satisfactory solution. Three questions remain unanswered: 1) are the mandibulate nasutes a monophyletic or paraphyletic group? 2) is subfamily Nasutitermitinae monophyletic or polyphyletic including the mandibulate nasutes? 3) how are <i>Syntermes</i>, <i>Cornitermes</i>, <i>Procornitermes</i>, and <i>Labiotermes</i> related to the other 9 genera of mandibulate nasutes? In any case, the removal of these four genera from Nasutitermitinae will not solve any real problem nor improve the classification.</p> <p> <b>Habits.</b> All species of <i>Labiotermes</i> are humivores and live either in savannas or forests. Their workers have large abdomens and particles of mineral soil are easily visible in the gut content. The nest of <i>L. labralis</i> is arboreal, while the nests of the other species are subterranean, or sometimes found inside termitaria built by other species, such as <i>Cornitermes</i> spp.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution.</b> <i>Labiotermes</i> occurs in most South American countries, with a southern limit near 26S. It also occurs in Trinidad, but does not reach Central America. The absence of records from Ecuador is certainly due to limited sampling.</p> <p> <b>Economic importance.</b> There are a few records of <i>Labiotermes</i> spp. present in agricultural systems (e.g. Calderon & Constantino, in press), but there is no direct observation of damage. Since they are humivores, they are certainly not structural pests.</p>Published as part of <i>Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340</i> on pages 4-6, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174374">10.5281/zenodo.174374</a&gt

Labiotermes orthocephalus Silvestri, new combination

<i>Labiotermes orthocephalus</i> (Silvestri), new combination <p> <i>Cornitermes orthocephalus</i> Silvestri, 1901: 5; Silvestri 1903: 60 –61 [soldier (Pl. Fig. 106), worker]; Desneux 1904: 38 (<i>Termes</i>); Holmgren 1912: 50 (<i>Cornitermes</i> subgenus <i>Labiotermes</i>); Snyder 1949: 333 (<i>Paracornitermes</i>); Araujo 1954: 183 –185 (<i>Paracornitermes</i>) [soldier, Fig. 1, 4].</p> <p> <b>Syntypes:</b> soldiers and workers (DEZA, MCSN), not examined.</p> <p> <b>Type­locality:</b> Brazil: Mato Grosso, Cuiabá.</p> <p> <b>New Synonyms:</b></p> <p> <i>Paracornitermes hirsutus</i> Araujo, 1954: 187 [soldier]; Mathews 1977: 205 [soldier]. Holotype: soldier (MZSP), examined; type­locality: Brazil: Minas Gerais, Monte Azul.</p> <p> <i>Paracornitermes caapora</i> Bandeira & Cancello, 1992: 424 [soldier (Figs. 2–5), worker (Fig. 1)]. Holotype: soldier (INPA), examined; type­locality: Brazil: Roraima, Ilha de Maracá.</p> <p> <b>Imago</b> (Figs. 9 J–M, 12D). Head capsule rounded; fontanelle small and inconspicuous. Eyes nearly rounded, very large, almost touching the lower margin of head capsule; ocelli large, elliptical, larger than antennal socket. Postclypeus moderately arched in profile. Pronotum wider than head without eyes. Mesonotum and metanotum with deeply emarginate hind margins. Left mandible: distance from M3 to M4 shorter than distance from M1 to M3; distance from A to M1 about the same as distance from M1 to M3; M3 conspicuously smaller than M1. Right mandible: distance from A to M1 longer than distance from M1 to M2; M2 small. Antenna with 17–18 articles. Head capsule brown; postclypeus, pronotum and tergites light brown; sternites brownish yellow; wings transparent, brownish. Head, postclypeus and pronotum densely covered with straight bristles; tergites and sternites densely covered with bristles and hairs of variable size; wings densely covered with minute hairs. Measurements in Table 1.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The imago of <i>L. orthocephalus</i> can be recognized by its large size, inconspicuous fontanelle and numerous, relatively long, hairs on the head and pronotum. The imagos of all other known species have fewer or shorter hairs, and a more conspicuous fontanelle. The imagos of <i>L. emersoni</i> and <i>L. brevilabius</i> have antenna with 16 articles.</p> <p> <b>Soldier</b> (Figs. 9 A–I, 11I). Head capsule subrectangular, with nearly parallel sides in dorsal view; sides slightly convex. Frontal tube conspicuous, oriented anteriorly; fontanelle about the same line as antennal sockets. Top of head in profile almost straight. Antenna with 15 articles. Labrum longer than broad; sides convex. Mandibles short, robust and curved. Left mandible: cutting edge between apical and 1st marginal concave; cutting edge between marginal teeth concave. Right mandible with two marginal teeth, about the same size and grouped together near base. Front coxa with a lateral conical projection near base. Head capsule and labrum brownish yellow; thorax and legs lighter than head capsule; tergites and sternites yellowish. Head capsule densely covered with bristles of variable size; postmentum with numerous bristles on anterior half; pronotum with many bristles; tergites and sternites densely covered with bristles and fine hairs. Measurements in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The soldier of <i>L. orthocephalus</i> can be recognized by its large size, hairy head, coxa with a prominent conical projection, mandibles with large marginal teeth and cutting edge of apical tooth of left mandible evenly curved.</p> <p> <b>Worker</b> (Figs. 9 N–Q, 13I, 14F, 15Q–S, 16I). Head capsule and postclypeus with numerous straight bristles. Pronotum with numerous bristles on anterior and posterior lobes. Mesonotum with numerous bristles near posterior margin. Front coxa with a conspicuous lateral conical projection near base. Antenna with 15 articles. Fontanelle large and rounded. Enteric valve with 6 ridges of unequal size and irregular shape, covered with fine spines. Mixed segment with two mesenteric lobes; large lobe oval, proximal part very narrow; small lobe rounded and inflated. Measurements in Table 3.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The worker of <i>L. orthocephalus</i> is the most similar species are <i>L. laticephalus</i> and <i>L. emersoni</i>, which are in the same size range and have a conical projection on the front coxa. The enteric valve armature of <i>L. orthocephalus</i> is distinct (see description above and Fig. 16 I).</p> <p> <b>Geographical distribution.</b> <i>L. orthocephalus</i> occurs in the Cerrado, the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and in Amazonia (Fig. 22).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> <i>P. hirsutus</i> is clearly an eastern geographical form of <i>L. orthocephalus</i>. Araujo (1954) based his description of <i>P. hirsutus</i> on samples from Minas Gerais, which have larger and more hairy soldiers than typical <i>L. orthocephalus</i> from Mato Grosso. Soldiers from Goiás are intermediate and there is a clear East­West gradient of soldier size and number of hairs on soldier head. Soldier mandibles show considerable intraspecific variation. The imagos are identical, as well and all the other diagnostic characters. <i>P. caapora</i> was described based on a single sample with a few soldiers and several workers.</p> <p> Compared to larger series from several localities, the differences mentioned in its original description are not consistent and soldiers from its type series are nearly identical to some soldiers of <i>P. orthocephalus</i> from central Brazil.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b></p> <p> <b>BRAZIL</b>. <i>Amazonas</i>. Humaitá: s., w., 20.ix.1990, R. Constantino (MPEG­3802). <i>Bahia</i>. Eunápolis: s., w., 26.vi.1974, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­5566). <i>Ceará</i>. Crato: s., w., 17.x.2004, A. Vasconcellos (DSEC). <i>Distrito Federal</i>. Brasília: s., w., 01.xii.1971, K. Kitayama (MZSP­7064). <i>Espírito Santo</i>. Linhares: s., w., 28.i.1993, E.M. Cancello (MZSP­9810). Rebio Sooretama: s., w., 31.viii.1966, H. Reichardt (MZSP­2018). Vila Velha: s., w., 31.v.1954, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­4190). <i>Goiás</i>. Alvorada do Norte, Fazenda Paraná: s., w., 25.viii.2003, D.L. Bernardo (UnB­4040, 4058). São Domingos, Monte Alto: s., w., 02–05.ix.2003, D.L. Bernardo (UnB­4278, 4300, 4325, 4329, 4361). Parque Nacional das Emas: s., w., 06.iv.1984, IQUSP (MZSP­8424). Minaçu, Serra da Mesa: s., 23–28.ii.1997, R. Constantino (UnB­234, 239, 240). <i>Mato Grosso</i>. Chapada dos Guimarães, Rio Manso: s., w., 12.i.1999, R. Constantino (UnB­0782). Chapada dos Guimarães: s., w., 10.ii.1976, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­6636). Cuiabá: s., w., 17.ii.1976, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­2019). Juruena: s., w., 06.vii.2002, R. Constantino (UnB­3429). Utiariti: s., w., 01.viii.1961, K. Lenko (MZSP­8096). <i>Mato Grosso do Sul</i>. Campo Grande: s., w., 20.ii.1976, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­6568). Costa Rica: s., w., 01.ii.1986, IQUSP (MZSP­ 9289). <i>Rondonia</i>. Vilhena: s., w., im., 07–09.xi.1998, R. Constantino (UnB­684, 691, 692, 726). <i>Minas Gerais</i>. Bocaiúva: s., 26.xi.1998, N.R.A. Castro (UnB­1785). Bom Sucesso: s., w., im., 12.xi.1972, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­5793). Capitão Eneias: s., w., 15.vii.1975, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­6247). Curvelo: s., w., im., 13.xi.1972, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­5781, 6234). Francisco Sá: s., w., 18.vii.1975, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­6143). Montes Claros: s., w., 16.xi.1972, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­5610, 5641). Rio Pomba: s., w., 01.vii.1975, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­6092, 6180). Teófilo Otoni: s., w., 26.xii.1976, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­7262). <i>Rio de Janeiro</i>. Rio de Janeiro: s., w., 06.i.1966, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­377, 2019). Seropédica: s., w., im., 11.x.2001, R. Constantino (UnB­2127). <i>Roraima</i>. Ilha de Maracá: s., w., paratypes of <i>P. caapora</i>, 22.x.1987, A.G. Bandeira (INPA­ 222). <i>Tocantins</i>. Paranã, Fazenda São João: s., w., 12–17.ix.2003, D.L. Bernardo (UnB­ 4874, 4905, 4922, 4947, 4966).</p>Published as part of <i>Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340</i> on pages 25-28, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174374">10.5281/zenodo.174374</a&gt

Labiotermes laticephalus Silvestri, new combination

<i>Labiotermes laticephalus</i> (Silvestri), new combination <p> <i>Cornitermes laticephalus</i> Silvestri, 1901: 5; Silvestri 1903: 61, 127 [soldier (Pl. Fig. 107), worker]; Desneux 1904: 37 (<i>Termes</i>); Holmgren 1912: 50 (<i>Cornitermes</i> subgenus <i>Labiotermes</i>); Snyder 1949: 333 (<i>Paracornitermes</i>); Emerson 1952: 485 (<i>Paracornitermes</i>)[soldier, Fig. 4]; Araujo 1954: 183 –185 (<i>Paracornitermes</i>) [soldier, Figs. 2–3, 5].</p> <p> <b>Syntypes:</b> soldiers and workers (DEZA, MCSN), not examined.</p> <p> <b>Type­locality:</b> Brazil: Mato Grosso, Cuiabá.</p> <p> <b>Imago.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Major soldier</b> (Figs. 5 A–F, 11E). Head capsule subrectangular in dorsal view; sides convex, converging towards front. Frontal tube small but conspicuous, conical, with narrow tip, oriented anteriorly. Top of head in profile nearly straight. Antenna with 15–16 articles. Labrum wider than long; sides convex. Mandibles short and robust. Left mandible: cutting edge between apical and 1st marginal S­shaped; cutting edge between marginal teeth concave. Right mandible with two marginal teeth, about the same size and grouped together near base. Front coxa with a lateral conical projection near base. Head capsule and labrum brownish yellow; thorax and legs lighter than head capsule; tergites and sternites yellowish. Head capsule with numerous short and straight bristles of variable size; postmentum with a few short bristles near anterior margin; anterior margin of pronotum with a row of bristles; posterior margin with two bristles; tergites and sternites densely covered with bristles and fine hairs. Measurements in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Minor soldier</b> (Figs. 5 G–K). Smaller than major soldier; head narrower, with parallel sides; antenna with 15 articles; bristles more numerous on the head. Measurements in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> See <i>L. emersoni</i>.</p> <p> <b>Worker</b> (Figs. 5 L– O, 13E, 14C, 15I –J, 16E). Head capsule and postclypeus with numerous bristles. Pronotum with numerous bristles on anterior lobe and a few bristles on posterior margin. Mesonotum with a line of 8 or more bristles on posterior margin. Front coxa with a conspicuous lateral conical projection near base. Antenna with 15 articles. Fontanelle large and rounded. Enteric valve with 4 finger­like ridges of unequal sizes covered with fine spines. Mixed segment with two mesenteric lobes; large lobe elongate, proximal part narrow; small lobe oval, much smaller, its proximal part very narrow. Measurements in Table 3.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> See <i>L. emersoni</i>.</p> <p> <b>Geographical distribution.</b> <i>Labiotermes laticephalus</i> has been recorded from relatively few localities (Fig. 20), most of them in Cerrado biome of Brazil. Torales <i>et al.</i> (2005) report its occurrence in northern Argentina.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Silvestri (1903: 61) mentions two sizes of soldiers. However, the material available for this study was limited and only one sample had two distinct soldier sizes, while the others had only one size. Based on the measurements, they fall into two nonovelaping groups.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b></p> <p> <b>BRAZIL</b>. <i>Distrito Federal</i>. Fazenda Água Limpa: s., 01.vii.1992, M. Lima (UnB­ 1256). <i>Goiás</i>. Anápolis: s., w., 10.ii.1958, W.W. Kempf (MZSP­4685). <i>Mato Grosso</i>. Chapada dos Guimarães, Rio Manso: s., w., 12–17.v.1999, R. Constantino (UnB­1638, 1663, 1669, 1673). Cuiabá: s., w., 19.ii.1985, M. Zanuto (MPEG­2311). Santo Antônio do Leverger: s., w., 26.x.1984, J.C. Trager (MZSP­8595). <i>Mato Grosso do Sul</i>. Corumbá: s., w., no date, Bordi (MZSP­213). <i>Minas Gerais</i>. Paracatu, Fazenda Rossato: s., w., 27.x.2001, R. Constantino (UnB­3084).</p> <p>head in profile. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.</p>Published as part of <i>Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340</i> on pages 18-20, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174374">10.5281/zenodo.174374</a&gt

Labiotermes guasu Constantino & Acioli, new species

<i>Labiotermes guasu</i> Constantino & Acioli, new species <p> <b>Holotype:</b> soldier, part of lot UnB­5829, 22.iii.2004, A.N.S. Acioli</p> <p> <b>Type­locality:</b> BRAZIL. <i>Amazonas State</i>. Benjamin Constant, Nova Aliança.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes: BRAZIL</b>. <i>Amazonas</i>. Benjamin Constant, Nova Aliança: s., w., 22.iii.2004, A.N.S. Acioli (UnB­5829); s., w., 26.iii.2004, A.N.S. Acioli (UnB­5950). <i>Mato Grosso</i>. Iquê­Juruena: s., w., 22.ix.1980, A.E. Mill (MPEG­1331). <b>PERU</b>. <i>Ucayali</i>. Pucalpa: s., w., no date, G. Lamas (MZSP­11157). Río Aguaytía: s., w., 31.vii.1955, W.</p> <p>Weyrauch (MZSP­1148).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> The word <i>guaçu</i> means large in the Tupi language. In the latinized form, the “ç” was converted to “s”.</p> <p> <b>Imago.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Soldier</b> (Figs. 3 A–F, 11C). Head capsule subrectangular in dorsal view; sides converging slightly towards front. Frontal tube small, oriented anteriorly. Top of head in profile slightly convex. Antenna with 16 articles. Labrum longer than broad; sides convex. Mandibles long and strongly curved. Left mandible: cutting edge between apical and 1st marginal slightly S­shaped; cutting edge between marginal teeth slightly concave. Right mandible with two marginal teeth; 1st marginal larger than 2nd. Front coxa without a lateral projection near base. Latero­posterior margins of pronotum with small protuberances. Head capsule and labrum brownish yellow; thorax and legs lighter than head capsule; tergites and sternites yellowish. Head capsule with a few short and straight bristles of relatively uniform size; postmentum with numerous bristles on anterior third; anterior margin of pronotum with a row of bristles; posterior margin with a few bristles; tergites and sternites densely covered with bristles and fine hairs. Measurements in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The soldier of <i>L. guasu</i> is easily recognizable by its large size, with proportionally long mandibles and legs and the head with very few hairs.</p> <p> <b>Worker</b> (Figs. 3 G–J, 13C, 14A, 15E–F, 16C). Head capsule and postclypeus with very few, sparse bristles. Pronotum with numerous bristles on anterior lobe and a few bristles on posterior margin. Latero­posterior margins of pronotum with small protuberancesand a few minute spines like those present on the meso­ and metanotum. Mesonotum with a line of bristles on posterior margin. Front coxa without any projection near base. Front and middle femur and with numerous thick and short bristles on dorsal side. Antenna with 16 articles. Fontanelle very large and rounded. P1 conspicuously smaller than P3. Enteric valve with 6 elongate ridges of different sizes, covered with numerous long, fine, hair­like spines. Mixed segment with two elongate mesenteric lobes; small lobe about half the length of the large one. Measurements in Table 3.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The worker of <i>Labiotermes guasu</i> can be recognized by its large size, the small number of hairs on the head and the absence of a projection on anterior coxa. The most similar species in external morphology is <i>L. labralis</i>, which is conspicuously smaller. The enteric valve is also distinct from all other species.</p> <p> <b>Geographical distribution.</b> <i>Labiotermes guasu</i> is recorded from only 4 localities (Fig. 20), all of them in the Amazon region of Brazil and Peru.</p>Published as part of <i>Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340</i> on pages 14-16, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174374">10.5281/zenodo.174374</a&gt

Labiotermes emersoni Araujo, new combination

Labiotermes emersoni (Araujo), new combination Paracornitermes emersoni Araujo, 1954: 183 [soldier]; Fontes 1998: 374 [gut, figs. 17–20] Holotype: soldier (MZSP), examined. Type­locality: Brazil: São Paulo. Imago (Figs. 2 H–K, 12 B). Head capsule rounded; fontanelle conspicuous, elliptical, about the same size as antennal socket. Eyes oval, moderately large, separated from the lower margin of head capsule by about 1 / 5 of its diameter; ocelli small, elliptical, smaller than antennal socket. Postclypeus moderately arched in profile. Pronotum about the same width as head without eyes. Mesonotum and metanotum with deeply emarginate hind margins. Left mandible: distance from M 3 to M 4 about the same as distance fromM 1 to M 3; distance from A to M 1 shorter than the distance from M 1 to M 3; M 3 conspicuously smaller than M 1. Right mandible: distance from A to M 1 about the same as distance from M 1 to M 2; M 2 small. Antenna with 16 articles. Head capsule light brown; postclypeus brownish yellow; fontanelle yellow; pronotum and tergites lighter than head capsule; sternites brownish yellow; wings transparent, brownish. Head capsule and postclypeus with sparse, straight and long bristles; pronotum with numerous straight, shorter bristles near margins and a few longer bristles on surface; tergites and sternites densely covered with bristles and hairs of variable size; wings densely covered with minute hairs. Measurements in Table 1. Comparisons. The imago of L. emersoni can be recognized by the comparatively small apical tooth on both mandibles, and their straight posterior edge. All other known species have larger eyes and ocelli and smaller fontanelle and most, except L. brevilabius, have antenna with 17 articles or more. The head of L. leptothrix is densely covered with very short hairs. Soldier (Figs. 2 A–G, 11 B). Head capsule subrectangular, with parallel sides in dorsal view; sides slightly convex. Frontal tube very short, upturned; fontanelle posterior to line of antennal sockets. Top of head in profile almost straight. Antenna with 15 articles. Labrum longer than broad; sides convex. Mandibles short, robust and curved. Left mandible: cutting edge between apical and 1 st marginal S­shaped; cutting edge between marginal teeth concave. Right mandible with two marginal teeth, about the same size and grouped together near base. Front coxa with a lateral conical projection near base. Head capsule and labrum brownish yellow; thorax and legs lighter than head capsule; tergites and sternites yellowish. Head capsule with numerous short and straight bristles of unequal size; postmentum with a few bristles on anterior margin; pronotum with a row of numerous bristles on anterior margin and few bristles on posterior margin; tergites and sternites densely covered with bristles and fine hairs. Measurements in Table 2. Comparisons. The soldier of L. emersoni can be recognized by the shape of the mandibles and the frontal tube. The most similar species is L. laticephalus, which is larger (on average, but there is some overlap), more hairy and has a more conspicuous frontal tube with narrow tip. Worker (Figs. 2 L– O, 13 B, 15 C–D, 16 B). Head capsule and postclypeus with numerous straight bristles. Pronotum with numerous bristles on anterior lobe and a few bristles on posterior margin. Mesonotum with 4 bristles on posterior margin, distant from the middle. Front coxa with a lateral conical projection near base. Antenna with 15 articles. Fontanelle rounded. Enteric valve typically with 4 finger­like ridges of different sizes covered with fine spines. Rarely with 5–6 ridges. Mixed segment with two mesenteric lobes; large lobe elongate, proximal part narrow; small lobe oval, much smaller, its proximal part very narrow. Measurements in Table 3. Comparisons. The worker of L. emersoni is very similar and difficult to differentiate from L. laticephalus. The mandibles and enteric valve are almost identical considering the observed intra­specific variation. L. laticephalus is larger on average, but there is some overlap. The only consistent difference observed is the greater number of hairs on the head and thorax of L. laticephalus. Geographical distribution. L. emersoni occurs in Brazil (Cerrado and Caatinga) and in the Chaco of northern Argentina and Paraguay (Fig. 18). It probably occurs also in southern Bolivia. It has been reported from the following habitats: cerrado vegetation, dry forest, pasture, and urban areas. Soldiers from the western part of its geographic range tend to be smaller. Material examined ARGENTINA. Chaco. Parque Nacional Chaco: s., w., 13.xii. 2000, C. Szumick & F. Cuezzo (IFML­ 109); s., w., 13.xii. 2000, C. Szumick & F. Cuezzo (IFML­ 110). Santiago del Estero. Copo, Parque Nacional Copo: w., 24.x. 2003, F. Cuezzo et al. (IFML­ 151). Copo, Ruta Nacional 16: s., w., 16.xii. 2000, C. Szumick & F. Cuezzo (IFML­ 111). BRAZIL. Ceará. Aiuaba: s., w., 29.x. 2004, A. Vasconcellos (DSEC). Crato: s., w., 18.x. 2004, A. Vasconcellos (DSEC). Distrito Federal. Fazenda Água Limpa: s., w., 26.viii. 1986, R. Constantino (MPEG­ 2617). Jardim Botânico de Brasília: s., w., 26.viii. 1986, R. Constantino (UnB­ 3537). Goiás. São Domingos, Monte Alto: s., w., 01­ 07.ix. 2003, D.L. Bernardo (UnB­ 4255, 4269, 4270, 4312, 4366, 4380, 4422). Mato Grosso. Alto Garças: s., w., 08.vii. 1965, Goodland (MZSP­ 10827). Chapada dos Guimarães, Rio Manso: s., w., 14.i. 1999, R. Constantino (UnB­0818). Minas Gerais. Bocaiúva: s., w., 25.vii. 1975, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­ 5934). Curvelo: s., w., 03.x. 1956, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­ 4459, 4460). Diamantina: s., w., im., 23.viii. 1971, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­ 4942). Morro da Garça: s., w., im., 20.x. 1964, Exp. Dep. Zool. (MZSP­ 2016). Poços de Caldas: s., w., im., 04­ 13.ix. 1967, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­504, 505, 507, 508, 509, 512, 513). Rio Pardo de Minas: s., w., 10.i. 1952, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­ 4308). Sete Lagoas: s., w., 28.iii. 1985, D.J. Domingos (UnB­ 2298). Paraíba. Sumé, Fazenda Almas: s., w., 07.iii. 2003, A. Vasconcellos (DSEC). Rondonia. Pimenta Bueno: s., w., 21.vii. 2000, R. Constantino (UnB­ 2421); s., w., 21­24.vii. 2000, R. Constantino (UnB­ 2423, 2518). São Paulo. São Paulo: s., w., im., 25.x. 1907, H. Luederwaldt (MZSP­ 216). Tocantins. Dianópolis, Fazenda Novo Iguaçu: s., w., 22.ix. 2003, D.L. Bernardo (UnB­ 5027). Paraná, Fazenda São João: s., w., 12­18.ix. 2003, D.L. Bernardo (UnB­ 4879, 4961, 4970, 4978, 4987); s., w., 27­28.iii. 2004, G.C. Costa (UnB­ 5412, 5429, 5458).Published as part of Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340 on pages 11-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17437

Labiotermes labralis Holmgren

<i>Labiotermes labralis</i> (Holmgren) <p> <i>Cornitermes labralis</i> Holmgren, 1906: 553 –557, 657–658 [imago (Fig. N), soldier (Fig. O), worker (Fig. P), nest]; Holmgren 1909: 175, 193 [morphology, Fig. 65]; Holmgren 1912: 50 (<i>Cornitermes</i> subgenus <i>Labiotermes</i>); Sjöstedt 1926: 150 (<i>Eutermes</i>); Emerson & Banks 1965: 12 (<i>Labiotermes</i>) [imago, soldier, Fig. 2–4]; Mathews 1977: 207 –208 [nest (Pl. 45), enteric valve (Pl. 48)]; Noirot 2001: 439 [enteric valve, fig. 7­D].</p> <p> <b>Lectotype:</b> soldier, designated by Emerson & Banks 1965: 19 (NHRS), not examined.</p> <p> <b>Type­locality:</b> Peru: Chaquimayo.</p> <p> <b>Synonym:</b> <i>Labiotermes labralis boreus</i> Emerson (in Snyder 1949: 334); Emerson 1925: 363–365 (as <i>Cornitermes labralis</i>) [imago, soldier, Fig. 47]. Holotype: soldier (AMNH). Type­locality: Guyana, Kartabo. Synonymized by Emerson & Banks 1965: 12, 18–19.</p> <p> <b>Imago.</b> Described and illustrated by Emerson & Banks 1965: 13–15. Additional measurements are presented in Table 1.</p> <p> <b>Soldier</b> (Figs. 4 A–B, 11D). Described by Emerson & Banks 1965: 15–18. Additional measurements are presented in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The soldier of <i>L. labralis</i> can be recognized by the small number of hairs on the head, absence of a projection on the front coxa and the very large and sclerotized labrum with two bristles near tip. The head capsule is also more rounded than in the other species.</p> <p> <b>Worker</b> (Figs. 4, 13 D, 14B, 15G–H, 16D). Head capsule with very few, sparse bristles. Postclypeus with 2 bristles. Pronotum with a row of bristles on anterior margin and no bristles on posterior margin. Mesonotum without bristles. Front coxa without a lateral projection near base. Antenna with 15–16 articles. Fontanelle large and oval. Enteric valve with 4 ridges, 3 large and a very small one, covered with short spines. Mixed segment with two elongate mesenteric lobes; large one with a broad tip; small lobe about half the length of the large one. Measurements in Table 3.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The worker of <i>L. labralis</i> can be recognized by the small number of hairs on the head and the absence of a projection on anterior coxa. The most similar species in external morphology is <i>L. guasu</i>, which is conspicuously larger. The enteric valve is also distinct from all other species, with 3 large ridges and one small.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Mathews (1977: 207–208) mentions only 3 plates in the enteric valve of <i>L. labralis</i>. However, the small plate is visible in his figure (page 233, Plate 48), and is also clearly visible in Noirot’s (2001: 439) figure.</p> <p> <b>Habits.</b> <i>L. labralis</i> occurs only in rainforest. It builds a large, dark, arboreal nest of irregular shape, made with a mixture of soil and fecal material. The internal surface is sculptured in a peculiar pattern, described and illustrated by Mathews (1977: 208 and plate 45). Martius & Ribeiro (1996) report a density of 10 nests/ha near Manaus.</p> <p> <b>Geographical distribution.</b> <i>L. labralis</i> occurs in the whole Amazon region, and is also found in Trinidad and in the Brazilian Atlantic forest as far south as 21S (Fig. 19). The absence of records from Ecuador is probably due to lack of collecting. The distribution is apparently disjunct between the Amazon and the Atlantic forest.</p> <p> <b>Material examined</b></p> <p> <b>BRAZIL</b>. <i>Amapá</i>. Curiau: s., w., 18.x.1989, R. Constantino (MPEG­3176). Mazagão: s., w., 20.x.1989, R. Constantino (MPEG­3179). Oiapoque: s., w., im., 01.v.1979, A.G. Bandeira (MPEG­0653). <i>Amazonas</i>. Anavilhanas: s., w., 17.iv.1981, A.E. Mill (MZSP­ 10467). Humaitá: s., w., 13.ix.1990, R. Constantino (MPEG­3682). Manaus: s., w., 07­ 08.ix.1978, P. Howse (MPEG­485, 489); s., w., 06.iv.1979, A.G. Bandeira (MPEG­609); s., w., 06.x.1998, R.L. Abreu (UnB­2629). Manaus, Reserva Ducke: s., w., im., 01.ix.1990, F.B. Apolinário (UnB­3630). Manaus, Rodovia ZF­3: s., w., 09.x.1999, T. Miura (UnB­ 1593). Rio Negro: s., w., no date, H.R. Coles (UnB­1076). Itacoatiara, Fazenda Aruanã: s., w., im., 23­30.iv.1977, A.G. Bandeira (MPEG­091, 163, 260). <i>Bahia</i>. Ilháus: w., 16.xi.2000, E.M Cancello (MZSP). Monte Pascoal: s., w., 08.viii.1974, R.L. Araujo (MZSP­5460). <i>Espírito Santo</i>. Linhares: s., w., im., 28.i.1993, E.M. Cancello (MZSP­ 9811). <i>Mato Grosso</i>. Ique­Juruena: s., w., 27.ix.1980, A.E. Mill (MZSP­10463). Juruena, Rohden Lignea: s., w., 03.vii.2002, R. Constantino (UnB­3331). <i>Minas Gerais</i>. Viçosa: s., w., 19.ii.2002, C. Galbiati (UnB­5552). <i>Pará</i>. Cachoeira do Arari: s., w., 09.iii.1989, R. Constantino (MPEG­3025). Paragominas: s., w., 27.vi.1990, R. Constantino (MPEG­ 3515). Parque Nacional da Amazonia: s., w., 19.viii.1978, A.G. Bandeira (MPEG­394). Oriximiná, Porto Trombetas: s., w., 30.vii.2000, A.N.S. Acioli (UnB­5518). Novo Progresso, Serra do Cachimbo: s., w., im., 18.ix.2003, R. Constantino (UnB­3892). Serra dos Carajás: s., w., 01.viii.1985, C.R.F. Brandão (MZSP­8709). Taperinha: s., w., 03.ii.1968, unknown collector (MZSP­1888). Tucurui: s., w., im., 21.iv.1979, A.G. Bandeira (MPEG­0628). <i>Paraíba</i>. Areia: s., w., 28.xii.1998, A. Vasconcellos (DSEC­ 1216). João Pessoa: s., w., 08.x.1993, J.C.D. Pereira (DSEC­142). Quebrangulo: s., w., im., 26.i.2001, A. Vasconcellos (DSEC). <i>Pernambuco</i>. Caruaru: s., w., 20.ix.1997, A. Vasconcellos (DSEC­1048). Recife: s., w., im., 29.i.1980, E.M. Cancello (MZSP­8019). <i>Rondonia</i>. Guajará­Mirim: s., w., 18.i.2001, D.L. Bernardo (UnB­2728, 2729). Pimenta Bueno: s., w., 17.vii.2000, O. Kitade (UnB­2600). Vilhena: s., w., 27.vii.2000, R. Constantino (UnB­2567). <i>Roraima</i>. Ilha de Maracá: s., w., im., 19.xi.1978, A.G. Bandeira (MPEG­448); s., w., 21.xi.1978, A.G. Bandeira (MPEG­469); s., w., im., 19.xi.1978, A.G. Bandeira (UnB­3536). <b>FRENCH GUIANA</b>. Saül: s., w., 27.v.1997, J.S. Ashe (UnB­2848, 2849, 2852). <b>PERU</b>. <i>Huánuco</i>. Tingo María: s., w., no date, W. Weyrauch (MZSP­1889). <b>VENEZUELA</b>. <i>Amazonas</i>. Alto Orinoco, Motorema: s., w., im., 10.v.1998, M.G. Paoletti (UnB­508, 509). San Pedro: s., w., 23.viii.1981, J.L. Garcia (MZSP­10425).</p>Published as part of <i>Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340</i> on pages 16-18, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174374">10.5281/zenodo.174374</a&gt

Labiotermes pelliceus Emerson & Banks

<i>Labiotermes pelliceus</i> Emerson & Banks <p> <i>Labiotermes pelliceus</i> Emerson & Banks, 1965: 28 –30 [soldier, Fig. 9]; Kovoor 1969: 198 –207 [gut morphology, Figs. 3–4, Pl. Figs. I­3, II­3].</p> <p> <b>Holotype:</b> soldier (AMNH), not examined.</p> <p> <b>Type­locality:</b> Guyana: Itabu Creek.</p> <p> <b>Imago.</b> Unknown.</p> <p> <b>Soldier</b> (Fig. 10 A–B, 11J). Described by Emerson & Banks (1965: 28–30). Additional measurements are presented in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The soldier of <i>L. pelliceus</i> can be easily recognized by the dense fine hairs on the head capsule.</p> <p> <b>Worker</b>. (Figs. 10, 13 J, 15T–U, 16J) Head, postclypeus and pronotum densely covered with bristles and fine hairs. Mesonotum with a line of numerous bristles on posterior margin. Front coxa with a blunt lateral projection near base. Antenna with 15 articles. Fontanelle large and rounded. Enteric valve with 6 finger­like ridges of unequal size, covered with long and curved spines. Mixed segment with two elongate mesenteric lobes; small lobe more than half the length of the large one. Measurements in Table 3.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> The worker of <i>L. pelliceus</i> can be recognized by the dense fine hairs on the head and body. Its enteric valve is distinct from all other species.</p> <p> <b>Geographical distribution.</b> <i>Labiotermes pelliceus</i> has been recorded from relatively few localities (Fig. 21), most of them in Brazilian Amazonia. It seems to occur only in the rainforest.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> In most samples examined, the color of the soldier head capsule is not as dark as described by Emerson & Banks (1965). Most had the head capsule light brown. <b>Material examined</b></p> <p> <b>BRAZIL</b>. <i>Amazonas</i>. Manaus, rodovia BR­174, km 54: s., w., 05.vi.2002, I. Ackerman (UnB­4711, 4712, 4713). Manaus, Reserva Ducke: s., w., 27.vii.1983, Ch. Noirot (MZSP­9380); s., w., 01.i.1991, F.B. Apolinário (UnB­3689). Manaus, Rodovia ZF­2: s., w., 16.iii.1988, A.G. Bandeira (INPA­690). <i>Maranhão</i>. Aldeia Araçu: s., w., 07.v.1963, B. Malkin (MZSP­1891). <i>Mato Grosso</i>. Juruena: s., w., 06.vii.2002, R. Constantino (UnB­3431). <i>Pará</i>. Paragominas: s., w., 27.vi.1990, R. Constantino (MPEG 3514). Oriximiná, Porto Trombetas: s., w., 29.vii.2000, A.N.S. Acioli (UnB­5514). <b>GUYANA</b>. Acary Mountains, Itabu Creek: paratype soldier, x.1938, E.R. Blake (MZSP).</p>Published as part of <i>Constantino, Reginaldo, Acioli, Agno N. S., Schmidt, Karen, Cuezzo, Carolina, Carvalho, Sérgio H. C. & Vasconcellos, Alexandre, 2006, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), pp. 1-44 in Zootaxa 1340</i> on pages 35-37, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/174374">10.5281/zenodo.174374</a&gt