DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS GASTERUPTION LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA: EVANIOIDEA: GASTERUPTIIDAE) IN TURKEY

The present study is based on gasteruptiid samples collected in various parts of Turkey since the 1990s. Together with literature sources, a total of 36 species of the genus Gasteruption Latreille, 1797 are compiled for the country. In addition, the European species Gasteruption boreale (Thomson, 1883) is newly recorded for Turkey and Asia. Moreover, the recently described G. brevibasale van Achterberg & Saure, 2014, G. ischnolaimum van Achterberg, 2014, and        G. smitorum van Achterberg, 2014, are recorded for the first time from Erzurum after the original description. Gasteruption henseni van Achterberg, 2014 is, together with the abovementioned four species, confined to eastern Anatolia. Gasteruption hastator (Fabricius, 1804), G. merceti Kieffer, 1904 and G. tournieri Schletterer, 1885, are found to be the most widespread and abundant species throughout Turkey. On the contrary, G. aciculatum van Achterberg, 2014, G. boreale and G. nigritarse (Thomson, 1883) are so far rarely collected in Turkey, recorded from one province each. The first was described after a single female from Van and apart from the holotype no other specimens are known. The eastern part of Turkey proved to be an important center of diversity for Gasteruption species. Distribution maps are presented for the indigenous, rarely, sparsely, widely and frequently recorded species

GAMBARAN STATUS KARIES PADA ANAK USIA 12-15 TAHUN YANG MENGKONSUMSI AIR SUMUR AIR GUNUNG DAERAH LHOKNGA KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR

Karies gigi merupakan penyakit jaringan keras gigi yang sering dijumpai pada masyarakat. Karies gigi dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya disebabkan oleh konsentrasi fluor dalam air minum yang dikonsumsi. Kekurangan fluor dalam air minum dapat menyebabkan gigi mudah terkena karies. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran status karies pada anak usia 12-15 tahun yang mengkonsumsi air sumur dan atau air gunung di daerah Lhoknga Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling, seluruh subjek diambil menjadi sampel penelitian yang berjumlah 83 murid. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dari tanggal 28 dan 29 September dengan melakukan pemeriksaan klinis pada subjek penelitian. Status karies diperiksa dengan menggunakan indeks DMF-T. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak usia 12-15 tahun yang mengkonsumsi air sumur dan atau air gunung memiliki status karies dengan nilai DMF-T 2,9 dan termasuk termasuk kategori status karies rendah.Banda Ace

Notes on Grammospila Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Alysiinae), with description of a new species

The species of the genus Grammospila Foerster, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae) are keyed, an aberrant new species from Italy, G. martae sp. n., is described and illustrated, and G. ochrogaster (Szépligeti, 1898), stat. n. is considered to be a valid species

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN METODE DEMONSTRASI TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI BENDA DAN SIFATNYA DI KELAS IV SDN 69 BANDA ACEH

Banda Ace

A new species of the genus Plesiocoelus van Achterberg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Agathidinae) from Vietnam

Plesiocoelus van Achterberg is a rare genus of the subfamily Agathidinae (Braconidae). The genus was established by van Achterberg in 1990 with one Neotropical species included, Plesiocoelus bassiformis van Achterberg, 1990. Based on specimens deposited at the Institute of Ecology Biological Resources (IEBR) and Vietnam National Museum of Nature (VNMN), the genus Plesiocoelus van Achterberg is newly recorded from Vietnam with a new species, Plesiocoelus vietnamicus Long van Achterberg, sp. n. described and illustrated in this paper. Differences between the new species and P. bassiformis van Achterberg, are given

Four new species of the genus Xynobius Foerster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae) from South Korea

Four new species, Xynobius azonius sp. nov., X. brevifemora sp. nov., X. duoferus sp. nov., and X. stipitoides sp. nov., are described and illustrated, and one species X. geniculatus (Thomson, 1895) is newly reported from South Korea. Xynobius geniculatus (Thomson, 1895) is redescribed and illustrated, and a new combination, Xynobius (Stigmatopoea) cubitalis (Fischer, 1959), comb. nov. is suggested. An identification key to the Xynobius species known from South Korea is provided

Comparative mitogenomics of Braconidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) and the phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial genomes with special reference to Holometabolous insects

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Animal mitochondrial genomes are potential models for molecular evolution and markers for phylogenetic and population studies. Previous research has shown interesting features in hymenopteran mitochondrial genomes. Here, we conducted a comparative study of mitochondrial genomes of the family Braconidae, one of the largest families of Hymenoptera, and assessed the utility of mitochondrial genomic data for phylogenetic inference at three different hierarchical levels, i.e., Braconidae, Hymenoptera, and Holometabola.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Seven mitochondrial genomes from seven subfamilies of Braconidae were sequenced. Three of the four sequenced A+T-rich regions are shown to be inverted. Furthermore, all species showed reversal of strand asymmetry, suggesting that inversion of the A+T-rich region might be a synapomorphy of the Braconidae. Gene rearrangement events occurred in all braconid species, but gene rearrangement rates were not taxonomically correlated. Most rearranged genes were tRNAs, except those of <it>Cotesia vestalis</it>, in which 13 protein-coding genes and 14 tRNA genes changed positions or/and directions through three kinds of gene rearrangement events. Remote inversion is posited to be the result of two independent recombination events. Evolutionary rates were lower in species of the cyclostome group than those of noncyclostomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on complete mitochondrial genomes and secondary structure of <it>rrnS </it>supported a sister-group relationship between Aphidiinae and cyclostomes. Many well accepted relationships within Hymenoptera, such as paraphyly of Symphyta and Evaniomorpha, a sister-group relationship between Orussoidea and Apocrita, and monophyly of Proctotrupomorpha, Ichneumonoidea and Aculeata were robustly confirmed. New hypotheses, such as a sister-group relationship between Evanioidea and Aculeata, were generated. Among holometabolous insects, Hymenoptera was shown to be the sister to all other orders. Mecoptera was recovered as the sister-group of Diptera. Neuropterida (Neuroptera + Megaloptera), and a sister-group relationship with (Diptera + Mecoptera) were supported across all analyses.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our comparative studies indicate that mitochondrial genomes are a useful phylogenetic tool at the ordinal level within Holometabola, at the superfamily within Hymenoptera and at the subfamily level within Braconidae. Variation at all of these hierarchical levels suggests that the utility of mitochondrial genomes is likely to be a valuable tool for systematics in other groups of arthropods.</p

First record of Homolobus infumator (Lyle, 1914) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Homolobinae) from Iran

Species of the genus Homolobus Förster, 1862 in northern Iran were taxonomically studied. The specimens were collected using Malaise traps from March to November of 2010 and 2011. Two species, Homolobus infumator (Lyle, 1914) and Homolobus truncator (Say, 1829) were collected and identified. The former was recorded for the first time in Iran. Diagnostic characters and geographical distribution of the species are briefly discussed. An illustrated key is provided for identification of the Iranian species

Phylogeny of the Subtribe Monoctonina (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

Abstract: Members of the Monoctonina subtribe have long been neglected in applied studies of the subfamily Aphidiinae, due to their low economic importance, as they do not parasitize pests of cultivated plants. Consequently, data about this group are scarce, including its taxonomy and phylogeny. In the present study, we explore inter- and intraspecific genetic variation of Monoctonina species, including genera Monoctonus Haliday 1833, Monoctonia Starý 1962, Falciconus Mackauer 1959 and Harkeria Cameron 1900. We employ two molecular markers, the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and the D2 region of the 28S nuclear gene (28S rDNA), to analyze genetic structuring and phylogeny of all available Monoctonina species, and combine them with morphological data for an integrative approach. We report one new species, and three potentially new species which can be formally described when further specimens are available. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe shows a basal position for the genera Falciconus and Monoctonia, and the close relatedness of Harkeria and Monoctonus

New Views on Strand Asymmetry in Insect Mitochondrial Genomes

Strand asymmetry in nucleotide composition is a remarkable feature of animal mitochondrial genomes. Understanding the mutation processes that shape strand asymmetry is essential for comprehensive knowledge of genome evolution, demographical population history and accurate phylogenetic inference. Previous studies found that the relative contributions of different substitution types to strand asymmetry are associated with replication alone or both replication and transcription. However, the relative contributions of replication and transcription to strand asymmetry remain unclear. Here we conducted a broad survey of strand asymmetry across 120 insect mitochondrial genomes, with special reference to the correlation between the signs of skew values and replication orientation/gene direction. The results show that the sign of GC skew on entire mitochondrial genomes is reversed in all species of three distantly related families of insects, Philopteridae (Phthiraptera), Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) and Braconidae (Hymenoptera); the replication-related elements in the A+T-rich regions of these species are inverted, confirming that reversal of strand asymmetry (GC skew) was caused by inversion of replication origin; and finally, the sign of GC skew value is associated with replication orientation but not with gene direction, while that of AT skew value varies with gene direction, replication and codon positions used in analyses. These findings show that deaminations during replication and other mutations contribute more than selection on amino acid sequences to strand compositions of G and C, and that the replication process has a stronger affect on A and T content than does transcription. Our results may contribute to genome-wide studies of replication and transcription mechanisms