Crosstalks between Myo-Inositol Metabolism, Programmed Cell Death and Basal Immunity in Arabidopsis

BACKGROUND: Although it is a crucial cellular process required for both normal development and to face stress conditions, the control of programmed cell death in plants is not fully understood. We previously reported the isolation of ATXR5 and ATXR6, two PCNA-binding proteins that could be involved in the regulation of cell cycle or cell death. A yeast two-hybrid screen using ATXR5 as bait captured AtIPS1, an enzyme which catalyses the committed step of myo-inositol (MI) biosynthesis. atips1 mutants form spontaneous lesions on leaves, raising the possibility that MI metabolism may play a role in the control of PCD in plants. In this work, we have characterised atips1 mutants to gain insight regarding the role of MI in PCD regulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: - lesion formation in atips1 mutants depends of light intensity, is due to PCD as evidenced by TUNEL labelling of nuclei, and is regulated by phytohormones such as salicylic acid - MI and galactinol are the only metabolites whose accumulation is significantly reduced in the mutant, and supplementation of the mutant with these compounds is sufficient to prevent PCD - the transcriptome profile of the mutant is extremely similar to that of lesion mimic mutants such as cpr5, or wild-type plants infected with pathogens. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our results provide strong evidence for the role of MI or MI derivatives in the regulation of PCD. Interestingly, there are three isoforms of IPS in Arabidopsis, but AtIPS1 is the only one harbouring a nuclear localisation sequence, suggesting that nuclear pools of MI may play a specific role in PCD regulation and opening new research prospects regarding the role of MI in the prevention of tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, the significance of the interaction between AtIPS1 and ATXR5 remains to be established

Death and the Societies of Late Antiquity

Ce volume bilingue, comprenant un ensemble de 28 contributions disponibles en français et en anglais (dans leur version longue ou abrégée), propose d’établir un état des lieux des réflexions, recherches et études conduites sur le fait funéraire à l’époque tardo-antique au sein des provinces de l’Empire romain et sur leurs régions limitrophes, afin d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives sur ses évolutions possibles. Au cours des trois dernières décennies, les transformations considérables des méthodologies déployées sur le terrain et en laboratoire ont permis un renouveau des questionnements sur les populations et les pratiques funéraires de l’Antiquité tardive, période marquée par de multiples changements politiques, sociaux, démographiques et culturels. L’apparition de ce qui a été initialement désigné comme une « Anthropologie de terrain », qui fut le début de la démarche archéothanatologique, puis le récent développement d’approches collaboratives entre des domaines scientifiques divers (archéothanatologie, biochimie et géochimie, génétique, histoire, épigraphie par exemple) ont été décisives pour le renouvellement des problématiques d’étude : révision d’anciens concepts comme apparition d’axes d’analyse inédits. Les recherches rassemblées dans cet ouvrage sont articulées autour de quatre grands thèmes : l’évolution des pratiques funéraires dans le temps, l’identité sociale dans la mort, les ensembles funéraires en transformation (organisation et topographie) et les territoires de l’empire (du cœur aux marges). Ces études proposent un réexamen et une révision des données, tant anthropologiques qu’archéologiques ou historiques sur l’Antiquité tardive, et révèlent, à cet égard, une mosaïque de paysages politiques, sociaux et culturels singulièrement riches et complexes. Elles accroissent nos connaissances sur le traitement des défunts, l’emplacement des aires funéraires ou encore la structure des sépultures, en révélant une diversité de pratiques, et permettent au final de relancer la réflexion sur la manière dont les sociétés tardo-antiques envisagent la mort et sur les éléments permettant d’identifier et de définir la diversité des groupes qui les composent. Elles démontrent ce faisant que nous pouvons véritablement appréhender les structures culturelles et sociales des communautés anciennes et leurs potentielles transformations, à partir de l’étude des pratiques funéraires.This bilingual volume proposes to draw up an assessment of the recent research conducted on funerary behavior during Late Antiquity in the provinces of the Roman Empire and on their borders, in order to open new perspectives on its possible developments. The considerable transformations of the methodologies have raised the need for a renewal of the questions on the funerary practices during Late Antiquity, a period marked by multiple political, social, demographic and cultural changes. The emergence field anthropology, which was the beginning of archaeothanatology, and then the recent development of collaborative approaches between various scientific fields (archaeothanatology, biochemistry and geochemistry, genetics, history, epigraphy, for example), have been decisive. The research collected in this book is structured around four main themes: Evolution of funerary practices over time; Social identity through death; Changing burial grounds (organisation and topography); Territories of the Empire (from the heart to the margins). These studies propose a review and a revision of the data, both anthropological and archaeological or historical on Late Antiquity, and reveal a mosaic of political, social, and cultural landscapes singularly rich and complex. In doing so, they demonstrate that we can truly understand the cultural and social structures of ancient communities and their potential transformations, based on the study of funerary practices

Etude d'un cas d'ypogonadisme hyponadotrope par mutation de la LHb et étude du trafic des récepteurs de la THS et de la FSH

LE KREMLIN-B.- PARIS 11-BU Méd (940432101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Les acquisitions lexicales en français langue seconde (conceptions et applications)

La thèse traite des acquisitions lexicales en français langue étrangère et seconde et plus particulièrement de la notion et du rôle de l'erreur lexicale en tant qu'indicateur et outil d'analyse du niveau de la compétence lexicale chez les apprenants non francophones. En nous appuyant sur les principales recherches dans le domaine de l'enseignement/ apprentissage du lexique en français, nous analysons les notions fondamentales du domaine du lexique, comme lexique, vocabulaire, mot, unité lexicale, accès lexical, et enfin erreur lexicale pour finalement nous concentrer sur cette dernière notion. Qu'est-ce qu une erreur lexicale et comment doit-elle être appréhendée dans une perspective didactique ? Quelle approche ou méthode l enseignant doit-il adopter lors d'une tâche de correction face à l'erreur lexicale? Nous soulevons ainsi le problème d'une typologie d'erreurs, pertinent dans le contexte de la didactique du lexique, et celui de la prise en compte de plusieurs paramètres linguistiques et discursifs lors de l'analyse et du classement des erreurs lexicales. Notre approche par la correction d'une erreur lexicale consiste à adopter le principe de réécriture du segment erroné. Ce procédé permet d'associer l'analyse linguistique à la réflexion didactique. Pour appuyer nos hypothèses, nous avons élaboré notre propre typologie des erreurs lexicales en l'illustrant avec des exemples recensés dans un corpus des 63 productions écrites des étudiants universitaires non francophonesThe thesis deals with lexical acquisitions in French as a foreign and second language and more particularly with the notion and the role of lexical error as an indicator and analysis tool of the lexical skill level of not French-speaking learners. By using basic researches in the field of teaching/ learning of the French lexicon, we analyze basic concepts of the lexical field, like lexicon, vocabulary, word, lexeme, lexical access and lexical error, to finally concentrate us on the last concept. What is a lexical error and how should it be apprehended from the didactic point of view? Which approach or method has to adopt a teacher while correcting a lexical error ? We raise in this way the problem of the typology of errors, relevant in the context of didactics of the lexicon, and the problem of taking into consideration some linguistic and discursive parameters during the analysis and the classification of lexical errors. Our approach to a problem of correction of lexical error consists in adopting the principle of rewriting of the erroneous segment. This method allows to associate the linguistic analysis with the didactic reflexion. To support our assumptions, we worked out our own typology of the lexical errors, illustrating it with examples, found in a corpus of 63 written productions of not French-speaking university studentsMETZ-SCD (574632105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Long Term High-Fat Diet-Induced Modification of Vascular Wall and Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Mediated Oxidative Stress: Consequences for Endothelium-Independent Vascular Function in Rats

International audienc

Conditioner application improves bedding quality and bacterial composition with potential beneficial impacts for dairy cow’s health

ABSTRACTRecycled manure solids (RMS) is used as bedding material in cow housing but can be at risk for pathogens development. Cows spend several hours per day lying down, contributing to the transfer of potential mastitis pathogens from the bedding to the udder. The effect of a bacterial conditioner (Manure Pro, MP) application was studied on RMS-bedding and milk qualities and on animal health. MP product was applied on bedding once a week for 3 months. Bedding and teat skin samples were collected from Control and MP groups at D01, D51, and D90 and analyzed through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. MP application modified bacterial profiles and diversity. Control bedding was significantly associated with potential mastitis pathogens, while no taxa of potential health risk were significantly detected in MP beddings. Functional prediction identified enrichment of metabolic pathways of agronomic interest in MP beddings. Significant associations with potential mastitis pathogens were mainly observed in Control teat skin samples. Finally, significantly better hygiene and lower Somatic Cell Counts in milk were observed for cows from MP group, while no group impact was observed on milk quality and microbiota. No dissemination of MP strains was observed from bedding to teats or milk.IMPORTANCEThe use of Manure Pro (MP) conditioner improved recycled manure solids-bedding quality and this higher sanitary condition had further impacts on dairy cows' health with less potential mastitis pathogens significantly associated with bedding and teat skin samples of animals from MP group. The animals also presented an improved inflammation status, while milk quality was not modified. The use of MP conditioner on bedding may be of interest in controlling the risk of mastitis onset for dairy cows and further associated costs

Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 supplementation in finishing male pigs helps to cope with heat stress through feeding behaviour and gut microbiota modulation

International audiencePigs subjected to heat stress (HS) decrease their feed intake and growth. The objectives of the experiment were to determine the effects of live yeast (LY) supplementation ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii CNCM I-1079) on feeding behaviour, energy metabolism and faecal microbiota composition of finishing boars ( n 10) housed in a respiration chamber at thermoneutrality (7 d at 22°C) or during HS (seven plus six days at 28°C). Dietary LY supplementation increased DM intake ( P = 0·01) whatever the ambient temperature, whereas HS decreased feed intake whatever the dietary supplementation ( P = 0·01). Dietary LY supplementation increased the number of meals ( P = 0·02). Energy retention was higher with dietary LY supplementation ( P < 0·01) but decreased during HS ( P < 0·01). The skin temperature of the supplemented pigs was lower at thermoneutrality and increased during HS to a lesser extent than that of non-supplemented pigs ( P < 0·01). Faecal microbiota composition was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Treponema, Christensenellaceae R-7 , Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Rikenellaceae RC9, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Romboutsia genera and some bacteria belonging to Alloprevotella , Oxalobacter and Anaeroplasma genera were more abundant under HS. LY supplementation attenuated HS effects on Romboutsia abundance, while decreasing the abundance of some bacteria from Ruminoccocus , Coprococcus , Peptococcus and Oxalobacter genera and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria from Lactococcus and Subdoligranulum genera. Our results suggest that higher level of the keystone species Ruminococcus bromii at thermoneutrality may be one of the causes for higher energy retention observed under subsequent HS

A live yeast supplementation to gestating ewes improves bioactive molecule composition in colostrum with no impact on its bacterial composition and beneficially affects immune status of the offspring

International audienceColostrum quality is of paramount importance in the management of optimal ruminant growth and infectious disease prevention in early life. Live yeast supplementation effect during the last month of gestation was evaluated on ewes' colostrum composition. Two groups of ewes (n = 14) carrying twin lambs were constituted and twins were separated into groups (mothered or artificially fed) 12 h after birth. Nutrient, oligosaccharides (OS), IgG and lactoferrin concentrations were measured over 72 h after lambing, and bacterial community was described in colostrum collected at parturition (T0). Immune passive transfer was evaluated through IgG measurement in lamb serum. In both groups, colostral nutrient, OS concentrations and IgG concentrations in colostrum and lamb serum decreased over time (P < 0⋅01), except for lactose, which slightly increased (P < 0⋅001), and lactoferrin, which remained stable. Bacterial population was stable over time with high relative abundances of Aerococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae and Staphylococcaceae in T0 colostrum. No effect of supplementation was observed in nutrient and lactoferrin concentrations. In supplemented ewes, the level of colostral IgG was higher at T0 and a higher level of serum IgG was observed in lambs born from supplemented mothers and artificially fed, while no effect of supplementation was observed in the mothered lamb groups. Using a metabolomic approach, we showed that supplementation affected OS composition with significantly higher levels of colostral Neu-5Gc compounds up to 5 h after birth. No effect of supplementation was observed on bacterial composition. Our data suggest that live yeast supplementation offsets the negative impact of early separation and incomplete colostrum feeding in neonate lambs

A live yeast supplementation to gestating ewes improves bioactive molecules composition in colostrum with no impact on its bacterial composition and beneficially affects immune status of the offspring

International audienceColostrum quality is of paramount importance in the management of optimal ruminant growth and infectious disease prevention in early life. Live yeast supplementation effect during the last month of gestation was evaluated on ewes’ colostrum composition. Two groups of ewes (n=14 for each group) carrying twin lambs were constituted and twins were separated into groups (mothered or artificially-fed) 12h after birth. Nutrients, oligosaccharides (OS), IgG and lactoferrin concentrations were measured over 72h after lambing, and bacterial community was described in colostrum collected at parturition (T0). Immune passive transfer was evaluated through IgG measurement in lamb serum. In both groups, colostral nutrients, OS concentrations and IgG concentrations in colostrum and lamb serum decreased over time (p < 0.01) except for lactose, which slightly increased (p < 0.001) and lactoferrin which remained stable. Bacterial population was stable over time with high relative abundances of Aerococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Moraxellaceae and Staphylococcaceae in T0-colostrum. No effect of supplementation was observed in nutrient and lactoferrin concentrations. In supplemented ewes, colostral IgG level was higher at T0 and a higher level of serum IgG was observed in lambs born from supplemented mothers and artificially-fed, while no effect of supplementation was observed in the mothered lambs. Using a metabolomic approach, we showed that supplementation affected OS composition with significantly higher levels of colostral Neu-5Gc compounds up to 5h after birth. No effect of supplementation was observed on bacterial composition. Our data suggest that live yeast supplementation offsets the negative impact of early separation and incomplete colostrum feeding in neonate lambs