Bringing Language to Consciousness: Teacher Professional Learning in Genre-based Reading Pedagogy

This research aims to better understand the relationship between professional learning (PL) in genre-based literacy teaching and its impact on classroom practice. It is a study of teacher uptake of new knowledge about language and pedagogy based on Reading to Learn professional learning (Rose, 2014) offered to secondary school teachers in London. The professional learning aims to make the role of language in learning visible to teachers so that it can be used as a tool for teaching in all subject areas. Large-scale action research projects in Australia and Europe have previously cited positive teacher responses to this PL through the use of teacher self-reporting methods (Acevedo, 2010; Coffin, Acevedo & Lövstedt, 2013; Culican, 2005; Rose, 2011a; Rose & Acevedo 2006a; Rose & Martin, 2012; Whittaker & Acevedo, 2016). Despite the teacher reports indicating shifts in theoretical positioning and pedagogy with a consequent impact on student learning, data focusing on the specific nature of the classroom implementation has been lacking. This research, undertaken in England, draws on a range of empirical data to study the uptake of the professional learning by observing the practice of a group of teachers who took part in the PL and focusing in detail on the case of one history teacher’s implementation. Using tools drawn from Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1978) for discourse analysis and multimodal analysis (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2001), the teacher learning process is examined via the analysis of lesson preparation and classroom implementation. Additionally, to gauge the teacher’s level of consciousness about the impact of the PL on her classroom teaching, the implementation data is compared to the teacher’s perceptions concerning her learning about language and pedagogy. The use of both discourse and multimodal analyses revealed the complexities in classroom implementation that related to issues beyond the new knowledge about language and pedagogy from the professional learning. A range of contextual factors that impinge on teacher uptake of the new learning and the classroom implementation were discerned by an examination of the broad policy and theoretical contexts beyond the classroom. In spite of the impinging factors, this study nonetheless provided detailed empirical evidence of how a teacher consciously developed and implemented significant new knowledge about language and pedagogy from the PL in the classroom. The congruence of the classroom implementation data with the teacher’s perceptions about the learning process demonstrated that the teacher was largely conscious of her own learning process. The precise articulation of the teacher’s linguistic and pedagogical practices at each stage of implementation made visible a ‘linguistically informed pedagogic pathway’ (Coffin, 2006, p. 92) for discipline-based literacy teaching. These findings are particularly relevant to the language teaching context in England where the call for the past century for all teachers to become teachers of English has not yet been translated into practice

Study on crack propagation in tubular joints under compressive fatigue loadings

Large scale tubular truss beams, approximately of 9 m long and 2 m high, were tested under constant amplitude fatigue loading. The beams were made out of circular hollow sections of steel S355, welded to form a uni-planar truss with K-joints, in a shape common to bridge construction. The main goal of these tests was to focus on the fatigue behavior of the joints loaded in compression that is with chord in compression, one diagonal in compression and the remaining diagonal in tension. The tests showed, as in other studies, that fatigue cracks may develop in compressive stress field zones from applied loads due to the presence of large welding tensile residual stresses. An alternate current potential drop system was used to follow during the tests the crack development from the weld toes. This paper contains the results, presented in terms of number of cycles versus crack depth and crack growth rate, from the cracks that developed. In order to evaluate the level of residual stresses near the weld toes, both measurements by hole-drilling and neutron diffraction were carried out. This paper includes the first results of the residual stress field, more measurements being in progress. Among the interesting results, it was observed that crack initiation and growth occurred first from hot spot 1c (weld toe in-between the braces, compression brace side) until the crack reached about 2 mm deep. Then, the crack growth decreased and, simultaneously, a crack started to develop from hot spot 1 (tension brace side). Both crack continued to grow, the failure being triggered by a fatigue crack in a joint on the tension chord. Characteristics of the different cracks (shape, angle of propagation, etc.) are given in the paper. The S-N results are compared with previously obtained results on beams with different tube dimensions

Neutron diffraction investigations on residual stresses contributing to the fatigue crack growth in ferritic steel tubular bridges

Fatigue crack growth observed in tubular K-joint specimens, typical of tubular bridge structures, always initiates at the chord crown toe locations whether the applied stress range is tensile or compressive. Even though other locations around the weld have highest hot-spot stresses, chord crown toe locations are still the most critical. This raises the question about the relevant tensile residual stress level at that location. The results of residual stress investigations, obtained using neutron diffraction measurements highlight that the direction and location of the maximum tensile residual stresses in K-joints is substantially different from those in the more usual tubular butt joints. Indeed, it is shown that the highest tensile residual stresses are oriented perpendicular to the weld direction, which is also the main orientation of the loading stresses applied in K-joints. This paper demonstrates that it is the complex geometry of the K-joint that causes the superposition of critical stresses, making these joints susceptible to fatigue cracking. Therefore, transverse residual stresses play a crucial part in the fatigue crack growth behaviour that applied stresses alone cannot explain. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Working on Literacy in CLIL/Bilingual Contexts: Reading to Learn and Teacher Development

This paper describes a project implementing a literacy programme based on a linguistic approach to teaching reading and writing, found especially useful for subject classes taught through a foreign language. The programme, Reading to Learn (Rose, 2014; Rose & Martin, 2012), based on an analysis of the genres of different subjects, their language features and the diffi culties these pose learners, offers teachers an explicit and detailed method to approach text comprehension/production. The paper includes examples of texts from late primary to mid-secondary content classes as analysed and used by teachers, student texts, and reactions to the pedagogy.Este trabajo presenta un programa de formación para la enseñanza de la lengua escrita en las diferentes áreas curriculares, implementado en las clases de contenido impartidas en una lengua extranjera. El programa, Leer para Aprender (Rose, 2014; Rose & Martin, 2012), se fundamenta en el análisis de los géneros de las disciplinas escolares, sus rasgos lingüísticos, y dificultades para los aprendices, y ofrece al docente una secuencia didáctica explícita y detallada con la que enfrentarse a la comprensión y producción de textos. Se incluyen ejemplos del trabajo de los profesores (análisis, diseño de la interacción) y de producción escrita de alumnos, así como la evaluación del proyecto

Numerical modelling and experimental investigation on welding residual stresses in large-scale tubular K-joints

This paper is devoted to the experimental and numerical assessment of residual stresses created by welding in the region surrounding the weld toe of tubular K-shaped joints (i.e. region most sensitive to fatigue cracking). Neutron-diffraction measurements were carried out on K-joints cut from large-scale truss beams previously subjected to high cycle fatigue. Tri-axial residual stresses in the transverse, longitudinal and radial direction were obtained from the weld toe as a function of the depth in the thickness of the tube wall. In addition, thermomechanical analyses were performed in three-dimensional using ABAQUS and MORFEO finite element codes. Experimental and numerical results show that, at and near the weld-toe surface, the highest residual stresses are critically oriented perpendicularly to the weld direction, and combined with the highest externally applied stresses. Based on a systematic study on geometric parameters, analytical residual stress distribution equations with depth are proposed

Numerical investigation of welding residual stresses in planar bridge trusses made of CHS steel profiles

The weld-induced residual stresses in a tubular planar K-shaped connection made of construction steel grades S355J2H and S690QH are evaluated using three-dimensional finite element models in thermo-mechanical simulation of welding process. Both lumped single-pass and multi-pass simulation alternatives are examined. The transversal component is the largest residual stress component at the gap region for all models, with values reaching the yield strength of studied steel grades. The shapes of residual stress profiles evaluated from the multi-pass models for the two steel grades show a similar trend. Although this can change when the effects of phase transformations will be considered. Considerable difference in the residual stress distribution in the gap region is observed between multi-pass welding simulation and equivalent single-pass models for both steel grades studied. For the single-pass models, the effect of using element activation on the residual stresses are negligible

Simulation of welding stresses for fatigue design of welded tubular connections

This paper presents a 3D thermo-mechanical model of arc-welding applied to tubular K-joints susceptible to fatigue cracking. The 3D torch trajectory is reproduced to simulate both temperatures and stresses during welding and ultimately the 3D residual stress distribution after cooling. The influence of latent heat, of the increase of thermal conductivity to simulate the fluid convection within the weld pool, the activation of finite elements to simulate the use of filler wire and the number of passes on as-welded residual stresses is assessed using ABAQUS. Actions taken to simplify the problem and reduce the computation time are presented and discussed. Comparisons of fusion zones obtained numerically and using optical macrographs as well as comparisons between calculated and measured residual stresses are presented. This numerical analysis highlights high tensile residual stresses occurring at the gap zone which is the most critical location where fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in tubular bridge K-joints

Osteocyte dysfunction promotes osteoarthritis through MMP13-dependent suppression of subchondral bone homeostasis.

Osteoarthritis (OA), long considered a primary disorder of articular cartilage, is commonly associated with subchondral bone sclerosis. However, the cellular mechanisms responsible for changes to subchondral bone in OA, and the extent to which these changes are drivers of or a secondary reaction to cartilage degeneration, remain unclear. In knee joints from human patients with end-stage OA, we found evidence of profound defects in osteocyte function. Suppression of osteocyte perilacunar/canalicular remodeling (PLR) was most severe in the medial compartment of OA subchondral bone, with lower protease expression, diminished canalicular networks, and disorganized and hypermineralized extracellular matrix. As a step toward evaluating the causality of PLR suppression in OA, we ablated the PLR enzyme MMP13 in osteocytes while leaving chondrocytic MMP13 intact, using Cre recombinase driven by the 9.6-kb DMP1 promoter. Not only did osteocytic MMP13 deficiency suppress PLR in cortical and subchondral bone, but it also compromised cartilage. Even in the absence of injury, osteocytic MMP13 deficiency was sufficient to reduce cartilage proteoglycan content, change chondrocyte production of collagen II, aggrecan, and MMP13, and increase the incidence of cartilage lesions, consistent with early OA. Thus, in humans and mice, defects in PLR coincide with cartilage defects. Osteocyte-derived MMP13 emerges as a critical regulator of cartilage homeostasis, likely via its effects on PLR. Together, these findings implicate osteocytes in bone-cartilage crosstalk in the joint and suggest a causal role for suppressed perilacunar/canalicular remodeling in osteoarthritis

Investigation of technological size effects of welding on the residual stresses and fatigue life of tubular joints made of structural steels S355 and S690

The fabrication procedure changes when changing the size of the structural components. For the weldments, the change of the welding procedure leads to the change in residual stresses which consequently affects the fatigue life of the structure. The weld size and number of welding passes are important factors which have considerable impact on the values and distribution of the welding residual stresses. This technological size effect is investigated in this study by simulating the welding process for tubular joints made of S355 and S690 structural steel. Two types of joints are studied: circumferential weld and planar K-joint. While rapidly developing, coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of welding is a powerful and versatile tool for the study of the development of thermal strains and stresses cause by welding process. In this study, both multi-pass and single-pass procedures with their corresponding simulation parameters are investigated. The resulted residual stress field when superposed into applied stresses at the joint in a crack propagation analysis yield more realistic crack pass and crack propagation life estimation