EFFICACIA DELLA RIABILITAZIONE FUNZIONALE SUL FUNZIONAMENTO COGNITIVO E PSICOSOCIALE NEI PAZIENTI CON DISTURBO BIPOLARE: UNO STUDIO CONTROLLATO RANDOMIZZATO

Introduzione: La compromissione cognitiva è una caratteristica fondamentale del disturbo bipolare (DB), fortemente associata all'esito funzionale dei pazienti. La Riabilitazione Funzionale (RF) è un intervento psicosociale, sviluppato dall'Unità Disturbi Bipolari e Depressivi dell’Hospital Clinic di Barcelona, progettato esclusivamente sulle caratteristiche specifiche dei pazienti bipolari, finalizzato a migliorare la neurocognizione al fine di raggiungere il recupero funzionale (Martinez-Arán et al., 2011). Il programma RF si basa su un approccio neuro-cognitivo-comportamentale, manualizzato e basato sull'evidenza, e la sua caratteristica distintiva è che si concentra sul funzionamento psicosociale complessivo, in un formato di gruppo (Martinez-Arán et al., 2011; Torrent & Vieta 2016). RF, in un contesto altamente ecologico, fornisce strategie e tecniche neurocognitive, includendo la psicoeducazione sui principali disturbi neurocognitivi associati al DB, come l'attenzione, la memoria e le funzioni esecutive (Martinez-Aran et al. 2004) e la loro influenza sulla vita quotidiana, che può portare a difficoltà psicosociali (Vieta et al., 2018). L'obiettivo principale della RF è di facilitare la generalizzazione e il trasferimento delle abilità cognitive apprese e le strategie utili per gestire meglio la vita quotidiana, con l'obiettivo finale di ripristinare il funzionamento psicosociale nel DB (Martínez-Arán et al., 2011; Bonnin et al., 2014). L'efficacia della RF è stata dimostrata in uno studio multicentrico, randomizzato, in cieco, che ha confrontato la RF con la psicoeducazione e il trattamento come al solito - TAU, e ha indicato un miglioramento generale del funzionamento psicosociale, principalmente nel campo interpersonale e professionale (Torrent et al., 2013). RF è inoltre efficace nel migliorare il funzionamento psicosociale sia nel disturbo bipolare di tipo I che II (Solé et al., 2015). Obiettivo: valutare l'efficacia della RF nel migliorare il funzionamento psicosociale (misurato con il Functioning Assessment Short Test - FAST) e i disturbi neurocognitivi (stimati con l’utilizzo della Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders - BAC-A), in un campione di pazienti eutimici con DB. Metodo: Studio randomizzato, controllato, in singolo cieco, che ha coinvolto 24 pazienti con BD-I e BD-II, secondo i criteri del DSM-5, RF (N=12) è stata confrontata con TAU (N=12) durante 21 settimane. Il trattamento farmacologico è stato mantenuto stabile in entrambi i gruppi. Il principale obiettivo è stato il cambiamento nel funzionamento psicosociale misurato attraverso il FAST, dal basale al termine dell’intervento. Risultati: Al termine dello studio, tutti i 24 pazienti hanno finalizzato la fase di trattamento. Le analisi statistiche hanno rivelato che il gruppo RF è migliorato significativamente rispetto alle variabili funzionali di esito (p=.011), dal basale alla fine del programma, a 6 mesi, rispetto al gruppo TAU. Miglioramenti significativi sono stati individuati nei sotto-domini del FAST relativamente all'autonomia, al funzionamento professionale, alle questioni finanziarie e alle relazioni interpersonali. Non sono stati rilevati effetti significativi del gruppo di intervento RF sulle variabili neurocognitive. Conclusioni: I risultati sono promettenti e confermano l'importanza di nuovi interventi non farmacologici personalizzati nel DB, al fine di migliorare non solo i sintomi affettivi, ma anche le disfunzioni cognitive e funzionali, con l'obiettivo finale di ottenere il pieno recupero funzionale e migliorare la qualità di vita dei pazienti affetti da DB.Introduction: Cognitive dysfunction is a major feature of bipolar disorder (BD), strongly associated with patients’ functional outcome. Functional Remediation (FR) is a psychosocial intervention, developed by the Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, exclusively designed on the specific characteristics of bipolar patients, aimed at improving neurocognition in order to achieve a functional recovery (Martinez-Arán et al., 2011). FR program is built on a neuro-cognitive-behavioral approach, manualized and evidence-based, and its distinctive feature is that it focuses on the overall psychosocial functioning, in a group format (Martinez-Arán et al., 2011; Torrent & Vieta 2016). FR, within a highly ecological context, provide neurocognitive strategies and techniques, including psychoeducation about the main neurocognitive impairments associated with BD, such as attention, memory and executive functions (Martinez-Aran et al. 2004) and their influence on everyday life, which can result in psychosocial difficulties (Vieta et al., 2018). The main aim of FR is to facilitate generalization and the transfer of learned cognitive abilities and useful strategies to better manage daily life, with the ultimate goal to restore psychosocial functioning in BD (Martínez-Arán et al., 2011; Bonnin et al., 2014). FR efficacy was validated in a multicentric, randomized, rater-blind trial, comparing FR with psychoeducation and treatment as usual - TAU, which indicated an improvement in general psychosocial functioning, principally in the interpersonal and occupational domains (Torrent et al., 2013). FR is also effective in improving psychosocial functioning in both bipolar disorder type I and II (Solé et al., 2015).¬¬ Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of FR in improving psychosocial functioning (measured by Functioning Assessment Short Test - FAST) and neurocognitive impairments (measured by Brief Assessment of Cognition in Affective Disorders - BAC-A), in a sample of euthymic patients with BD. Methods: In a randomized, rater-blinded, controlled study of 24 out-patients with BD-I and BD-II, according to DSM-5 criteria, FR (N=12) was compared with TAU (N=12) over 21 weeks. Pharmacological treatment was kept stable in both two groups. The primary outcome was change in psychosocial functioning measured by means of the FAST, from baseline to endpoint. Results: At the end of the study, all 24 patients finalized the treatment phase. Statistical analyses revealed that the FR group improved significantly with respect to functional outcome variables (p=.011), from the baseline to the end of the programme, at 6 months, compared to the TAU group. Significant improvements have been identified in the FAST sub-domains relating to autonomy, professional functioning, financial issues and interpersonal relations. No significant effects of the FR intervention group on neurocognitive variables were detected. Conclusions: Findings are promising and confirm the importance to new personalized non-pharmacological interventions in BD, in order to improve not only affective symptoms, but also cognitive and functional dysfunctions, with the final goal to achieve full functional recovery and ameliorate the quality of life of BD patients’

The Elephant in the Room: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Stressful Psychological Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mental Healthcare Workers

Despite extensive research on COVID-19’s impact on healthcare workers, few studies have targeted mental health workers (MHWs) and none have investigated previous traumatic events. We investigated psychological distress in MHWs after the first lockdown in Italy to understand which COVID-19, sociodemographic, and professional variables represented greater effects, and the role of previous trauma. The survey included sociodemographic and professional questions, COVID-19 variables, and the questionnaires Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5), Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 (DASS-21). On the 271 MHWs who completed the survey (73.1% female; mean age 45.37), we obtained significant effects for contagion fear, experience of patients’ death, increased workload, and worse team relationship during the first wave. Nurses were more affected and showed more post-traumatic stress symptoms, assessed by IES-R, and more depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, assessed by DASS-21. The strongest risk factors for distress were greater age, professional role, increased workload, worse team relationship, and separation from family members. Previous experience of severe human suffering and unwanted sexual experiences negatively impacted IES-R and DASS-21 scores. Being a psychiatrist or psychologist/psychotherapist and good team relationships were protective factors. Recent but also previous severe stressful events might represent relevant risk factors for distress, reducing resilience skills. Identifying vulnerable factors and professional categories may help in the development of dedicated measures to prevent emotional burden and support psychological health. Highlights: Psychological distress in mental health workers in the COVID-19 pandemic is more frequent in nurses, who experience more depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Previous and recent stressful events are risk factors for distress and should guide intervention strategies

The Italian Version of the Five-Word Test: A Simple Diagnostic Test for Dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease in Routine Clinical Practice

Background. The five-word test (FWT) is a neuropsychological tool (derived from the Grober and Buschke paradigm), measuring hippocampal memory trace consolidation. The study aimed to validate the test for the Italian language and to verify its ability to discriminate patients affected by mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease from healthy matches. Methods. 217 subjects (127 controls, 47 MCI due to AD, and 43 AD) underwent neuropsychological evaluation. The Spearman rank coefficient (ρ) was used to assess the correlation between immediate (IRS), delayed (DRS), and total score (TRS) of the FWT and correspondent matches of a specific short story test, while receiving operator characteristic (ROC) curves were built to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of both. Results. Correlation between almost all the scores was significant in all the diagnostic subgroups; the ROC curves of the two tests were not statistically different. A TRS of the FWT with a cut-off of ≤9/10 could accurately discriminate AD patients (sensitivity: 97%, specificity: 94%) and MCI due to AD (sensitivity: 76%, specificity: 68%) from control matches. Conclusion. FWT is a simple and valid test of hippocampal memory which appears recommendable in routine clinical practice

Structure–Reactivity–Property Relationships in Covalent Adaptable Networks

Polymer networks built out of dynamic covalent bonds offer the potential to translate the control and tunability of chemical reactions to macroscopic physical properties. Under conditions at which these reactions occur, the topology of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) can rearrange, meaning that they can flow, self-heal, be remolded, and respond to stimuli. Materials with these properties are necessary to fields ranging from sustainability to tissue engineering; thus the conditions and time scale of network rearrangement must be compatible with the intended use. The mechanical properties of CANs are based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of their constituent bonds. Therefore, strategies are needed that connect the molecular and macroscopic worlds. In this Perspective, we analyze structure–reactivity–property relationships for several classes of CANs, illustrating both general design principles and the predictive potential of linear free energy relationships (LFERs) applied to CANs. We discuss opportunities in the field to develop quantitative structure–reactivity–property relationships and open challenges

Tailoring Dynamic Hydrogels by Controlling Associative Exchange Rates

Dithioalkylidenes are a recently-developed class of conjugate acceptors that undergo thiol exchange via an associative mechanism and have been used for reprocessable vitrimers, amine sensors, and degradable networks. Here, we show that the exchange rate of the reaction in aqueous environments is highly sensitive to the structure of the acceptor and may be varied over four orders of magnitude. Cyclic acceptors exchange rapidly, from 0.95 to 15.6 M-1s-1, while acyclic acceptors exchange between 3.77x10-3 and 2.17x10-2 M-1s-1. Computational, spectroscopic, and structural data suggest that the cyclic acceptors are more reactive than their linear counterparts because of resonance stabilization of the tetrahedral intermediate. We leverage this insight to design a compound with reactivity intermediate to that of the cyclic and linear analogs. Lastly, we incorporate this dynamic bond into hydrogels and demonstrate that molecular kex correlates with the hydrogels characteristic stress relaxation time; furthermore, these values may be parametrized with respect to computed descriptors of the electrophilic site. This work opens new avenues to design and control hydrogel viscoelasticity with an associative exchange mechanism

Autistic Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Impact on Internalized Stigma, Well-Being, Clinical and Functional Characteristics

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) symptoms and internalized stigma (or self-stigma) can have a negative impact on cognitive and functional outcomes in people living with schizophrenia. Aim of the present study were to assess and compare internalized stigma, subjective well-being and other socio-demographic, clinical and functional characteristics in people diagnosed with schizophrenia with and without prominent autistic features. Ninety-four inpatients were assessed with measures of internalized stigma, subjective well-being, global clinical severity, schizophrenia symptoms severity, real-world functioning, medication side effects and attitude toward prescribed medications. Subjects with high levels of ASD symptoms were identified with the PANSS Autism Severity Score and compared to other participants. Predictors of prominent ASD features were also assessed. Thirteen patients showed prominent ASD symptoms. They were characterized by fewer years of education, worse real-world functioning and greater symptoms severity. No between-group differences were observed regarding subjective well-being and global internalized stigma severity; however, participants in the "autistic schizophrenia" group showed better stigma resistance. A worse clinical condition and fewer years of education emerged as predictors of autistic schizophrenia. Despite showing a more severe clinical presentation of the disorder and worse functional impairment, participants with prominent ASD symptoms do not present worse subjective well-being or more severe internalized stigma; on the contrary, they show better stigma resistance. ASD symptoms could therefore play a protective role in the internalization of stigma