Surgical management of dentigerous cyst and keratocystic odontogenic tumor in children: a conservative approach and 7-year follow-up

Dentigerous cyst (DC) is one of the most common odontogenic cysts of the jaws and rarely recurs. On the other hand, keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT), formerly known as odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), is considered a benign unicystic or multicystic intraosseous neoplasm and one of the most aggressive odontogenic lesions presenting relatively high recurrence rate and a tendency to invade adjacent tissue. Two cases of these odontogenic lesions occurring in children are presented. They were very similar in clinical and radiographic characteristics, and both were treated by marsupialization. The treatment was chosen in order to preserve the associated permanent teeth with complementary orthodontic treatment to direct eruption of the associated permanent teeth. At 7-years of follow-up, none of the cases showed recurrence

HPV detection in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma

É ainda bastante controverso na literatura se o HPV pode ou não ser considerado fator etiológico ou de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões malignas/malignizantes em boca. Já há um consenso de que existe evidência ao menos numérica da relação entre HPV e carcinogênese oral, pois em geral os estudos encontram uma relação de proporção entre grau de malignidade e infecção por HPV ? os índices de HPV encontrados em carcinoma epidermóide oral são maiores do que os encontrados em lesões potencialmente malignas, que por sua vez são maiores do que os encontrados em mucosa normal. Sabe-se, porém, que as lesões potencialmente malignas podem apresentar variados graus de displasia epitelial, o que não permite analisá-las como um grupo. Assim, nesse contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar mais refinadamente a relação entre grau de malignidade e infecção por HPV através da detecção de DNA do vírus em leucoplasias e carcinomas epidermóides orais, desmembrando-se o grupo das lesões potencialmente malignas de acordo com o grau de displasia epitelial. Foram selecionados 50 casos diagnosticados como leucoplasia e carcinoma epidermóide orais, os quais foram divididos em 5 grupos: leucoplasia sem displasia, leucoplasia com displasia discreta, leucoplasia com displasia moderada, leucoplasia com displasia intensa e carcinoma epidermóide. Dados clínicos como idade e sexo do paciente e sítio da lesão foram observados e a presença de DNA de HPV foi pesquisada através do método CSA-ISH com sonda de amplo espectro. Nos casos positivos para a sonda de amplo espectro foi realizada a genotipagem com sondas específicas para HPV dos tipos 6/11, 16/18 e 31/33. A prevalência de infecção por HPV foi de 24%, notadamente maior que a reportada em mucosa normal, que é de 1 a 2%. Os resultados mostraram uma discreta relação de proporção entre grau de malignidade e os índices encontrados em leucoplasia sem displasia, leucoplasia com displasia e carcinoma epidermóide, porém sem significância estatística. Desmembrando-se o grupo das leucoplasias com displasia, essa proporcionalidade não foi observada entre os grupos. Na genotipagem, a maior positividade foi para a sonda dos tipos 16/18, de alto potencial oncogênico, e a positividade para a sonda 6/11 só foi encontrada nos grupos de menor grau de malignidade. Apenas um caso mostrou positividade para duas sondas (16/18 e 31/33). Não houve correlação significante entre nenhuma característica clínica e infecção por HPV. Os resultados sugerem portanto que a detecção do HPV não está relacionada com o grau de malignidade das lesões, haja visto a ausência de proporcionalidade entre os índices de detecção do vírus nos grupos analisados. Entretanto, o fato de que a prevalência em nossa casuística, constituída por lesões malignas/malignizantes, foi maior do que àquela encontrada em mucosa normal e que os tipos de alto risco foram os mais prevalentes dentre os casos positivos não nos permite descartar o HPV como fator de risco para a carcinogênese oral.It is still highly controversial whether HPV can be considered an aetiological or risk factor for the development of malignant/premalignant lesions of the oral cavity. There is an agreement that there is at least quantitative evidence to relate HPV and oral carcinogenesis, since in general the studies find a proportional relation between degree of malignancy and HPV infection ? the prevalence of HPV in squamous cell carcinoma is higher than in premalignant lesions which is higher than in normal mucosa. It is known, however, that premalignant lesions can present several degrees of epithelial dysplasia, which does not allow analyzing them as a group. Hence, in this context, the aim of this study was to analyze more refinedly the relation between degree of malignancy and infection by HPV by means of viral DNA detection in oral leucoplakias and oral squamous cell carcinomas, dividing the group of premalignant lesions according to the degree of epithelial dysplasia within the lesion. Fifty cases diagnosed as oral leucoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected and divided into 5 groups: leucoplakia with no dysplasia, leucoplakia with mild dysplasia, leucoplakia with moderate dysplasia, leucoplakia with severe dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical data regarding patients? age and gender and anatomic site of the lesion were observed and the presence of HPV DNA was assessed using CSA-ISH method with a wide spectrum probe. In positive cases to the wide spectrum probe, genotyping with specific probes to HPV types 6/11, 16/18 and 31/33 was performed. The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 24%, which is higher than the reported for oral normal mucosa, which stands around 1 and 2%. Results show a discrete proportional relation between degree of malignancy and HPV infection indexes found in leucoplakia with no dysplasia, leucoplakia with dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, but with no statistical significance. Dividing the group of leucoplakia with dysplasia, this relation of proportion was not observed. In genotyping, most cases were positive to the probe for types 16/18, of high oncogenic potential, and cases positive to the probe for types 6/11, of low oncogenic potential, were only found within groups of lower degrees of malignancy. Only one case was positive for two specific probes (16/18 and 31/33). There was no correlation between clinical features and HPV infection. These results suggest that HPV detection is not related to the degree of malignancy in these lesions. Nevertheless, the fact that the prevalence in these cases, which were all malignant/premalignant lesions, was higher than the one found in oral normal mucosa, and that the high-risk types of HPV were the most frequently found within the positive cases does not allow excluding HPV as a risk factor in oral carcinogenesis

Correlation between c-Jun and human papillomavirus in oral premalignant and malignant lesions

c-Jun, one of the components of the transcription factor activating protein-1 (AP-1), is suggested as a factor in malignant progression of oral lesions. c-Jun and other AP-1 components relationships with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have been investigated, but not yet focusing on oral carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to verify whether c-Jun immunohistochemical expression is related to HPV DNA detection in oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Fifty cases diagnosed as oral leukoplakias, with different degrees of epithelial dysplasia, and as oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) were submitted to immunohistochemistry to detect c-Jun and to in situ hybridization with signal amplification to assess HPV DNA. It was verified that c-Jun nuclear expression increased according to the degree of dysplasia within the lesion, with the greatest expression in OSCC. The same did not happen concerning HPV infection - a discrete proportional relation was observed in indexes found in leukoplakia with no dysplasia, leukoplakia with dysplasia and OSCC, but statistically insignificant. When separating the group of leukoplakia by degrees of dysplasia, this relation of proportion was not observed. Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of HPV infection was 24% and the high-risk HPV types were the most frequently identified, which does not allow excluding HPV as a risk factor in oral carcinogenesis. When relating c-Jun expression and HPV infection, no statistically significant relationship is observed. Results suggest then that malignant progression mediated by c-Jun is independent of the presence of HPV in oral carcinogenesis. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Detection of human papillomavirus in oral warts using in situ hybridization

Objective: The human papillomavirus is a group of DNA epitheliotrophic viruses associated with the etiology of benign and malignant oral warts. More than 100 types have been identified and among them, 24 have been found into the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to analyze human papillomavirus prevalence and its subtypes in 50 oral warts, of which 20 were squamous papillomas, 17 condylomaacuminatum and 13 verruca vulgaris. Method: In situ hybridization was used with biotinylated DNA probes for wide-spectrum HPV and with specific probes for human papillomavirus 6/11, human papillomavirus 16/18 and human papillomavirus 31/33. Results: Human papillomavirus was present in ten (20%) of the 50 oral wart cases, 03 (3/20) squamous papillomas, 05 (5/17) condyloma acuminatum and 02 (2/13) verruca vulgaris. Of these, 8 (16%) were positive to the HPV probe 6/11 being 5 condyloma acuminatum, 1 squamous papilloma and 2 verruca vulgaris. Three cases (6%) demonstrated positivity to the human papillomavirus probe 16/18, with 2 being cases of condyloma and the other a case of squamous papilloma. Of the six positive cases to the human papillomavirus probe 31/33, (12%) 4 were condyloma acuminatum and 2 squamous papillomas. Conclusion: The human papillomavirus expression (20%) found in this study was low, but within the average found in the literature. Nonetheless, in addition to in situ hybridization, other methods may be necessary for confirming the presence of human papillomavirus