Benimle boşanır mısın?!: Boşanmanın hukuki sonuçları bakımından arabuluculuğun uygulanabilirliği

Arabuluculuk kurumuna ilişkin ülkemizdeki temel düzenleme, 07.06.2012 tarihinde kabul edilen 6325 sayılı Hukuk Uyuşmazlıklarında Arabuluculuk Kanunu’dur. HUAK md. 1/f.2 gereğince Kanun’un uygulama alanına, özel hukuk uyuşmazlıkları girdiğinden aile hukukundan kaynaklanan uyuşmazlıkların da arabuluculuk kurumu vasıtasıyla çözümlene-bilmesi mümkündür. Ancak kanun koyucu her özel hukuk uyuşmazlığında arabulucuya başvurmayı kabul etmemiş ve yalnızca tarafların üzerinde serbestçe tasarruf edebilecekleri uyuşmazlıklar bakımından arabuluculuğa gidilebileceğini belirterek bir sınırlamaya gitmiştir. Bu kapsamda çalışmamız-da boşanma davalarına ilişkin hangi anlaşmazlıkların arabuluculuk yoluyla çözümlenebilmesinin mümkün olduğuna ilişkin tespit ve değerlendirmelerde bulunulmaya çalışılacaktır.The basis of the provisions regarding Mediation is the code of Medi-ation in Legal Disputes (MLD), No:6325, adopted in 7th of June, 20212. Because according to the Art. 1/f.2 of MLD, Private Law is also involved, it is possible to resolve the disputes regarding Family Law via Mediation In-stitution. However, the Law Maker refused the applicability of Mediation in every case regarding the disputes in Private Law and put restrictions on the applicability of Mediation stating that the parties may apply for medi-ation only in terms of disputes on which they both may freely save. With-in this context, in our citation, we will try to determine and evaluate which types of disputes regarding divorce might be solved through Mediation

COVID-19 virüsünün sözleşmelere etkisinin Tbk Md. 138 hükmü çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi

Sözleşmeye bağlılık ilkesi (Ahde Vefa) gereği, sözleşmede kararlaştırılan edimlerin aynen ifa edilmesi beklenir. Bu durum özellikle hukuki güvenlik ve dürüstlük kuralının bir sonucudur. Ancak kanun koyucu her koşulda bu ilkeye sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalmanın mümkün olmayacağını kabul etmiş ve bazı özel durumların varlığı halinde sözleşmenin değişen şartlara uyarlanabileceğini hüküm altına almıştır. Pandemi sürecinin yarattığı olumsuz sonuçlar bakımından da uygulamada sıklıkla başvurulabilecek yöntemlerden birisi sözleşmelerin uyarlanması olacaktır. Ancak belirtmek gerekir ki, pandemi sebebiyle bütün sözleşmelerin uyarlanabileceğini söylemek elbette mümkün değildir. Zira yaşanan durum ne kadar olağanüstü olursa olsun bazı sözleşmelere hiçbir etkisi olmayabilir. Uyarlamaya imkan veren genel nitelikteki düzenleme, TBK md. 138 hükmünde yer almaktadır. Özel nitelikte bir hüküm olmaması halinde sözleşmenin uyarlanması TBK md. 138 hükmü kapsamında olacaktır. Dolayısıyla öncelikle TBK md. 138 hükmündeki şartların yerine gelmesi gerekecektir. Bu sebeple çalışmamızda söz konusu şartlar, pandemi çerçevesinde oluşan durum kapsamında incelenecektir. Ayrıca yine pandemi özelinde uyarlamanın sonuçları ayrıntılı bir şekilde açıklanarak uygulamada ortaya çıkabilecek bir takım sorunlara doktrindeki görüşler ve Yargı kararları ışığında çözüm aranacaktır.Fort the sake of compatibility with the agreement (pacta sunt servanda), it is expected that the performance agreed in the contract must be specifically fulfilled. This situation is a result of the rule of legal security and good faith. However, the legislator accepts that it may not be possible to adhere strictly with this doctrine in every condition, and accordingly ensures that under certain circumstances, the agreement might be ammended due to changing conditions. With regard to the negative impacts arised throughout the Pandemia period, one of the most common methods practically applied will be the amendment of the agreements. Certainly it is not possible to claim that amendment of every agreements is applicable. Because in spite of the extraordinary nature of the situation, it may not have any impact on some agreements. The generally qualified regulation that facilitates amendment is found in the provision of arctile 138, Turkish Code of Obligations, Unless there is a special provision, the amendment of the agreement will be under the scope of Art. 138, Turkish Code of Obligations. Therefore primarily the conditions in Art. 138, Turkish Code of Obligations must be fulfilled. Fort his reason, in out citation, the relevant conditions will be studied in the context of the situation under the circumstances arised throughout the Pandemia period. Also the results of the amendment of the agreements in the context of Pandemia, will be disclosed in detail and potential difficulties will be tried to be resolved in the light of the remarks within the doctrine and judicial decisions

Layer-by-layer grown electrodes composed of cationic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and graphene oxide nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage devices

Ultrathin electrodes composed of layer-by-layer as-sembled (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane functionalized iron oxidenanoparticles and graphene oxide nanosheets were prepared by a simpleand low-cost dip coating method without using any binders orconductive additives. The thickness of the Fe3O4/GOfilms was simplyaltered with the number of dip coating cycles. Multilayeredfilms werechemically reduced with hydrazine vapor in order to increase theelectrical conductivity. Characterization of multilayerfilms wasperformed with scanning transmission electron microscopy, UV−visspectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic reso-nance spectroscopy. We have performed cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the evaluationof Fe3O4/GO multilayers as possible electrochemical capacitor electrodes. Reduced Fe3O4/GOfilms exhibit high specificcapacitances (varying between 200 and 350 F g−1at 5 mV s−1), outperforming the layer-by-layer assembled iron oxides/carbonderivatives (carbon nanotube, graphene)

Effect of varying magnetic fields on targeted gene delivery of nucleic acid-based molecules

Several physical methods have been developed to introduce nucleic acid expression vectors into mammalian cells. Magnetic transfection (magnetofection) is one such transfection method, and it involves binding of nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA or siRNA to magnetic nanoparticles followed by subsequent exposure to external magnetic fields. However, the challenge between high efficiency of nucleic acid uptake by cells and toxicity was not totally resolved. Delivery of nucleic acids and their transport to the target cells require carefully designed and controlled systems. In this study, we introduced a novel magnetic system design providing varying magnet turn speeds and magnetic field directions. The system was tested in the magnetofection of human breast (MCF-7), prostate (DU-145, PC-3) and bladder (RT-4) cancer cell lines using green fluorescent protein DNA as a reporter. Polyethylenimine coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were used as nucleic acid carriers. Adsorption of PEI on SPION improved the cytocompatibility dramatically. Application of external magnetic field increased intracellular uptake of nanoparticles and transfection efficiency without any additional cytotoxicity. We introduce our novel magnetism-based method as a promising tool for enhanced nucleic acid delivery into mammalian cells

Nanoparticle based induction heating at low magnitudes of magnetic field strengths for breast cancer therapy

Magnetic hyperthermia has received much attention during the last decade due to its implementation in cancer treatment. Recently, functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) emerged as a strong alternative adjuvant treatment approach, which complements conventional methods such as chemotherapy. In this study, we demonstrate the anticancer effect of Poly(acrylic acid)-coated, anti-HER2-tagged SPIONs on breast cancer cells using a low magnetic field strength of 0.8 kAm−1, which is significantly lower compared to the literature, with a frequency of 400 kHz. Specificity was achieved via anti-HER2 antibody attachment to nanoparticles. HER2-positive SKBR3 and MDA-MB-453 cell lines internalized the nanoparticles successfully. These nanoparticles, which were not toxic to these cell lines, led to a prominent decrease in cell proliferation and survival in MDA-MB-453 cells when subjected to hyperthermia. Therefore, the hyperthermia-targeted SPION approach could be developed as a potential cancer treatment approach against breast cancer and possible other cancer types

Magnetofection of green fluorescent protein encoding DNA-bearing polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to human breast cancer cells

Gene therapy is a developing method for the treatment of various diseases. For this purpose, the search for nonviral methods has recently accelerated to avoid toxic effects. A strong alternative method is magnetofection, which involves the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with a proper organic coating and external magnetic field to enhance the localization of SPIONs at the target site. In this study, a new magnetic actuation system consisting of four rare-earth magnets on a rotary table was designed and manufactured to obtain improved magnetofection. As a model, green fluorescent protein DNA-bearing polyethyleneimine-coated SPIONs were used. Magnetofection was tested on MCF7 cells. The system reduced the transfection time (down to 1 h) of the standard polyethyleneimine transfection protocol. As a result, we showed that the system could be effectively used for gene transfer

Treatment of breast cancer with autophagy inhibitory microRNAs carried by AGO2-conjugated nanoparticles

Nanoparticle based gene delivery systems holds great promise. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are being heavily investigated due to good biocompatibility and added diagnostic potential, rendering such nanoparticles theranostic. Yet, commonly used cationic coatings for efficient delivery of such anionic cargos, results in significant toxicity limiting translation of the technology to the clinic. Here, we describe a highly biocompatible, small and non-cationic SPION-based theranostic nanoparticles as novel gene therapy agents. We propose for the first-time, the usage of the microRNA machinery RISC complex component Argonaute 2 (AGO2) protein as a microRNA stabilizing agent and a delivery vehicle. In this study, AGO2 protein-conjugated, anti-HER2 antibody-linked and fluorophore-tagged SPION nanoparticles were developed (SP-AH nanoparticles) and used as a carrier for an autophagy inhibitory microRNA, MIR376B. These functionalized nanoparticles selectively delivered an effective amount of the microRNA into HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in a xenograft nude mice model of breast cancer in vivo, and successfully blocked autophagy. Furthermore, combination of the chemotherapy agent cisplatin with MIR376B-loaded SP-AH nanoparticles increased the efficacy of the anti-cancer treatment both in vitro in cells and in vivo in the nude mice. Therefore, we propose that AGO2 protein conjugated SPIONs are a new class of theranostic nanoparticles and can be efficiently used as innovative, non-cationic, non-toxic gene therapy tools for targeted therapy of cancer

Discovery of an exceptionally strong luminescence of polyethyleneimine-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Polyethyleneimine (PEI) is rarely recognized as a luminescent polymer but is frequently used for the production of cationic nanoparticles and tagged with an organic fluorophore to be tracked optically. Herein, a strongly luminescent, branched PEI-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (bPEI-SPION) without a traditional fluorophore is reported. A tremendous enhancement (1200 times) in the weak blue luminescence of bPEI is achieved only if it is adsorbed on a SPION during the synthesis of nanoparticles, which is improved further upon protonation, irreversibly. This is quite unexpected since SPIONs are strong absorbers in the visible region. All reaction parameters, different synthetic methods, as well as protonation are studied as independent factors to understand the origin of such enhancement. Detailed spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculations indicate that partial amine oxidation and Fe3+ reduction takes place during the synthesis, which significantly contributes to the luminescence enhancement. In addition, PEI-SPION exhibits excitation wavelength dependent emission and maintains its magnetic properties

Effect of photocatalytic pretreatment on the membrane performance in nanofiltration of textile wastewater

Traditional methods like biological treatment, flocculation-coagulation, adsorption, and advanced oxidation are commonly employed for textile wastewater treatment, but their sustainability is hindered by issues such as the adverse impact of textile wastewater on microorganisms and the requirement for substantial chemical usage. In response to increasingly stringent legal discharge standards, membrane technologies are emerging as prominent alternatives for effective textile wastewater treatment. The application of photocatalysis as a pretreatment to improve effluent quality and treatment performance has shown effective results in the treatment of textile wastewater by nanofiltration (NF). However, innovative solutions are needed to improve the efficiency of UV photocatalytic reactors. Here, the TiO2/halloysite nanotube (HNT) photocatalyst was shown to completely remove dyes under UV illumination. Two wastewater samples from photocatalytic (PC) pretreatment were treated using innovative NF membranes with different contents. The study examined the impact of PC pretreatment on the flux of wastewater from a textile factory heat recovery tank, which increased from 18.32 to 27.63 L/m2.h. The membranes achieved > 98% removal in COD, while bare membrane achieved 95% removal in conductivity. The addition of s-DADPS as monomer and HNT as nanoparticles to the membranes with different compositions affected the cross-linking in the TFC layer. During the tests conducted on the water extracted from the dyeing tank, the color was completely eliminated without any loss of flux. Additionally, improvements in COD removal were observed