Pumping action of the heart in rat pups subjected to muscle training at different terms of postnatal ontogeny

Experiments performed on random-bred rat pups showed that muscle training during earlier terms of postnatal ontogeny produce more pronounced changes in the pumping function of the heart. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005

On the Fate of Lost Property in the Medieval Turkic-Mongol States

Поступила в редакцию: 12.09.2022. Принята к печати: 06.04.2023.Submitted: 12.09.2022. Accepted: 06.04.2023.В статье анализируется государственная политика средневековых тюрко-монгольских (чингизидских) государств в отношении утерянного имущества. Впервые в научный оборот вводится в русском переводе ярлык о назначении на должность буларгучи — специального чиновника, в чьи функции входили поиск, хранение и возврат утерянного имуществах — из «Дастур ал-катиб фи та‘йин ал-маратиб» — персидского трактата, созданного в 1360-х гг. чиновником Мухаммедом б. Хиндушахом Нахчивани, находившимся на службе у правителей монгольского Ирана. Проводится комплексный анализ этого документа, в ходе которого осуществляется характеристика правового статуса буларгучи, просле- живается эволюция деятельности в отношении утерянного имущества в тюрко-монгольских государствах, начиная с Монгольской империи и империи Юань в Китае и заканчивая Крымским ханством. Выявляются различия в отношении чиновников рассматриваемых государств к имуществу, которое было потеряно, и к тому, которое признавалось выморочным в связи со смертью его владельца в пределах иностранной державы. Авторы приходят к выводу, что в тюрко-монгольских государствах принимались определенные меры для обеспечения прав собственников имущества, но, вместе с тем, существовала практика злоупотреблений со стороны соответствующих чиновников своими полномочиями с целью поступления такого имущества в казну, в связи с тем, что оно представляло собой немаловажную часть государственных доходов. Источниковую основу исследования составляют исторические памятники — правовые акты, свидетельства современников, дипломатическая переписка, также авторы опираются на труды специалистов, в той или иной степени обращавшихся к исследованию института буларгучи и вопросов о судьбе утерянного имущества в средневековых тюркомонгольских государствах.This article analyses the state policy of the medieval Turkic-Mongol khanates towards lost property. The authors introduce the first Russian translation of a yarligh on the appointment of bularguchi, an official who oversaw the search, storage, and return of lost property. The yarligh comes from the Dastur al-Katib Fi Ta’yin al-Maratib, a Persian-language treaty written in 1360s by Muhammad b. Hindushah Nakhchivani, an official at the service of the rulers of Mongol Iran. A complex interdisciplinary analysis of this document helps characterize the legal status of the bularguchi and the evolution of the state policy towards the lost property in the Turkic-Mongol states from the Mongol and Yuan Empires to the Crimean Khanate. The authors attempt to clarify the differences between the property which was lost and that which was recognized escheat after the death of its owner abroad. The authors establish that the rulers of the Turkic-Mongol states took measures to provide the rights of the owners of the lost property, but at the same time, officials abused their power to pass such property to the state treasury as it was a substantial part of the state revenue. The source base of the research includes legal acts, notes of contemporaries, and diplomatic correspondence. The authors also consider works of specialists who dealt with the bularguchi institution as well as questions on the fate of the lost property in the medieval Turkic-Mongol states.Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда, проект № 23-18-00147 «Социально-политическая организация евразийского пространства в Средние века (исторический опыт Золотой Орды и Ирана XIII–XIV вв.), https://rscf.ru/project/23-18-00147, реализуемого в Воронежском государственном университете.The study was granted by Russian Science Foundation, project no. 23-18-00147 “Social and Political Organization of the Eurasian Area in the Middle Ages (by the Example of the Golden Horde and Iran of 13th–14th cc.)”, https://rscf.ru/project/23-18-00147, realized at the Voronezh State University

Pumping action of the heart in rat pups subjected to muscle training at different terms of postnatal ontogeny

Experiments performed on random-bred rat pups showed that muscle training during earlier terms of postnatal ontogeny produce more pronounced changes in the pumping function of the heart. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005

Pumping action of the heart in rat pups subjected to muscle training at different terms of postnatal ontogeny

Experiments performed on random-bred rat pups showed that muscle training during earlier terms of postnatal ontogeny produce more pronounced changes in the pumping function of the heart. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005

Pumping action of the heart in rat pups subjected to muscle training at different terms of postnatal ontogeny

Experiments performed on random-bred rat pups showed that muscle training during earlier terms of postnatal ontogeny produce more pronounced changes in the pumping function of the heart. © Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. 2005

The causes of the astrakhan campaign of 1569

© 2019, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved. The study aims to investigate the causes of the Astrakhan campaign of 1569 via the historical-genetic method in combination with a systematic approach and system analysis. The research showed that the active policy in the third quarter of the XVI century, on the one hand, led to the approval of the Moscow state at the estuary of Volga and strengthening of its position in the North Caucasus. In conclusion, the clash of political, economic and ideological interests of the Ottoman Empire, the Polish-Lithuanian state, the Crimean Khanate and the Moscow State led to the outbreak of a military conflict

The causes of the astrakhan campaign of 1569

© 2019, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved. The study aims to investigate the causes of the Astrakhan campaign of 1569 via the historical-genetic method in combination with a systematic approach and system analysis. The research showed that the active policy in the third quarter of the XVI century, on the one hand, led to the approval of the Moscow state at the estuary of Volga and strengthening of its position in the North Caucasus. In conclusion, the clash of political, economic and ideological interests of the Ottoman Empire, the Polish-Lithuanian state, the Crimean Khanate and the Moscow State led to the outbreak of a military conflict

The chancellery of the golden horde’s Khans

© 2019, Universidad del Zulia. All rights reserved. This article provides an overview of the chancellery service of the Golden Horde via comparative qualitative research methods. As a result, the main work in the office was carried out by scribes-bitikchi. They prepared the decrees of the ruler, diplomatic messages, kept documents, were engaged in translation and.financial and fiscal issues. The bitikchi should have mastered the Mongolian and Turkic languages and the Uigur script. In conclusion, the chancellery culture of UlusJuchi was at a high level of development and was able to ensure the effective management of such a large and powerful state