Are Ionic Liquids Suitable as New Components in Working Mixtures for Absorption Heat Transformers?

The working mixture almost exclusively used to operate absorption heat transformers (AHT) is {H2O + LiBr} ({H2O + NH3} can also be used). Unfortunately, both working pairs present some drawbacks: corrosivity, toxicity, crystallization or high working pressure. Ionic liquids (ILs) possess very interesting properties (thermal stability, possible miscibility with water, negligible vapor pressure) that make them good candidates to be used as absorbents in AHT. This paper aims at providing an overview of available thermodynamic data concerning {H2O + IL} mixtures that could be used to operate an AHT

Gross Anatomical Studies of the Oropharyngeal Cavity in Eurasian Hobby (Falconinae: Falco Subbuteo, Linnaeus 1758)

There is no descriptive information about morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby. There is a common oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby as reported in all avian species. The oral cavity of the Eurasian Hobby takes the triangular cone shape, while the roof of the oral cavity was formed by an incomplete hard palate, which presents by a long median choanal cleft, which connects the oropharynx to the nasal cavity. The choanal cleft divided into two parts; the rostral long narrow part and the caudal wide part. The infundibular cleft is very narrow, small, shorter, and more caudal midline slit-like opening. There were numerous conical backward papillae were scattered singly or arranged in five rows on the roof of the oral cavity. The arranged five rows of conical papillae; first row was the transverse huge caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, encircled the choanal cleft. The second and third rows are longitudinal rows of the caudomedially directed papillae, were located parallel to the rostral narrow part of choana on each side. The fourth row is semicircular row of caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, while the fifth row is oblique line of palatine papillae. The roof of pharynx has two semicircular papillary rows on the caudal border of the pharyngeal folds. The elongated tongue is non-protrusible and not extended to fill the limit of the lower beak. The laryngeal mound contains middle, elongated opening (glottis) which connected to the trachea and not guarded by the epiglottis

Histological characterisation of the skin of the Paraechinus hypomelas, Brandt, 1836 (Erinaceidae: Eulipotyphla)

Background: The current study represents the first description of the histological characterisations of the normal skin of Brandt’s hedgehog (paraechinus hypomelas). Materials and methods: Skin samples were collected from abdomen, back, nostril and cloacal regions. Results: The skin consisted of 3 layers including epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis was covered by a layer of keratinised squamous epithelium mainly in the back region, but the skin keratinisation was present with a little amount or may was absent in other regions. Histologically, the total thickness of skin was maximum on the back and minimum on the cloacal regions. The epidermis consisted of 4 layers and stratum lucidum was absent in all regions. Beneath the epidermis, the dermis layer was constituted of dense connective tissue in which the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, arrector pilli muscles and blood vessels were present. The sweat and sebaceous glands were more populated in the nostril region. The hair follicles were located in the epidermal and dermal regions. Vibrissae were only in the nostrils region and characterised from other hairs by their large and well innervated hair follicle which was surrounded by the blood sinus. Conclusions: The present findings show that in Brandt’s hedgehog (paraechinus hypomelas) the back and cloacal regions have thickest and thinnest skin respectively as compared to the nostril and abdominal regions. In addition, sebaceous and sweat glands were mainly populated in the nostril regio

Morphological examination of the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks (Capra hircus)

The present investigation was prepared to describe the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks grossly and by light microscopy. There are four sex glands: ampullary, vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral. The ampullary gland is an enlargement of the terminal part of the ductus deferens, its glandular part has branched tubuloalveolar glands, and its secretory alveoli lined with a pseudo-stratified epithelium composed of cuboidal to columnar cells. The vesicular gland takes the appearance of a cluster of grapes and the left vesicular gland is enlarged and higher than the right one. The vesicular gland is a lobulated tubuloalveolar gland with wide intralobular space and the gland contain a secretory unit which lined by pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, and the interlobular ductules lined by the stratified epithelium, while the interlobular duct lined by simple cuboidal epithelium moreover, the lining epithelium of secretory part consists of tall columnar cells. The prostate gland consists only of the disseminated part and is enclosed by a connective tissue capsule that was thin dorsally, thick laterally, and reduced in thickness ventrally. The prostatic acini are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The bulbourethral gland was similar in size to the walnut and surrounded by a capsule and there are interlobular connective tissue septa that divided the gland into lobes and lobules of different sizes. The bulbourethral gland contains secretory units lined by the tall simple columnar epithelium of mucous type with basely located nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm contain granular secretion. The gross and microscopic examination of the four accessory sex glands gave valuable information in the future pathology diagnosis of the accessory sex glands of the Barki bucks

Structural and Functional adaptation of the lingual papillae of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus): Specific Adaptive feeding Strategies

The current investigation was directed to clarify the correlations between the feeding strategy and lingual structure of the Egyptian fruit bat captured from the Egyptian east desert. The current work depends on twelve adult Egyptian fruit bats that observed grossly and with the help of the stereo, light, and scanning electron microscope. There were three types of the lingual papillae; one mechanical filiform and two gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate). There were seven subtypes of filiform papillae were recognized on the seven lingual regions. There were scanty numbers of fungiform papillae distributed among the filiform papillae on the lingual tip and two lateral parts of apex and body while fungiform papillae completely absent in the median part. There were three circumvallate papillae. The central bulb of circumvallate papillae surrounded by one layer of two segmented circular annular bad. The lingual tip had cornflower-like and diamond-shaped filiform papillae. Histochemical results revealed that the lingual glands were a stronger AB-positive reaction and gave dark blue color, while the reaction for the PAS-stain was negative. Also, the glands exhibited a blue color as an indication of positive AB reactivity with combined AB-PAS staining

Gross Anatomical Studies of the Oropharyngeal Cavity in Eurasian Hobby (Falconinae: Falco Subbuteo, Linnaeus 1758)

There is no descriptive information about morphology of the oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby. There is a common oropharyngeal cavity of Eurasian Hobby as reported in all avian species. The oral cavity of the Eurasian Hobby takes the triangular cone shape, while the roof of the oral cavity was formed by an incomplete hard palate, which presents by a long median choanal cleft, which connects the oropharynx to the nasal cavity. The choanal cleft divided into two parts; the rostral long narrow part and the caudal wide part. The infundibular cleft is very narrow, small, shorter, and more caudal midline slit-like opening. There were numerous conical backward papillae were scattered singly or arranged in five rows on the roof of the oral cavity. The arranged five rows of conical papillae; first row was the transverse huge caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, encircled the choanal cleft. The second and third rows are longitudinal rows of the caudomedially directed papillae, were located parallel to the rostral narrow part of choana on each side. The fourth row is semicircular row of caudomedially directed conical palatine papillae, while the fifth row is oblique line of palatine papillae. The roof of pharynx has two semicircular papillary rows on the caudal border of the pharyngeal folds. The elongated tongue is non-protrusible and not extended to fill the limit of the lower beak. The laryngeal mound contains middle, elongated opening (glottis) which connected to the trachea and not guarded by the epiglottis

Deflection Analysis of a Nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli Nanobeam Model Resting on Two Elastic Foundations: A Generalized Differential Quadrature Approach

This paper provides a general formularization of the nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli nanobeam model for a bending examination of the symmetric and asymmetric cross-sectional area of a nanobeam resting over two linear elastic foundations under the effects of different forces, such as axial and shear forces, by considering various boundary conditions’ effects. The governing formulations are determined numerically by the Generalized Differential Quadrature Method (GDQM). A deep search is used to analyze parameters—such as the nonlocal (scaling effect) parameter, nonuniformity of area, the presence of two linear elastic foundations (Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundations), axial force, and the distributed load on the nanobeam’s deflection—with three different types of supports. The significant deductions can be abbreviated as follows: It was found that the nondimensional deflection of the nanobeam was fine while decreasing the scaling effect parameter of the nanobeams. Moreover, when the nanobeam is not resting on any elastic foundations, the nondimensional deflection increases when increasing the scaling effect parameter. Conversely, when the nanobeam is resting on an elastic foundation, the nondimensional deflection of the nanobeam decreases as the scaling effect parameter is increased. In addition, when the cross-sectional area of the nanobeam varies parabolically, the nondimensional deflection of the nonuniform nanobeam decreases in comparison to when the cross-sectional area varies linearly

Magnetic Field Effects on Thermal Nanofluid Flowing through Vertical Stenotic Artery: Analytical Study

The present investigation represents the first complete illustration of nanofluids flow. The effectiveness of wall slip and heat transfer on magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow over porous media in vertical stenotic artery with catheter has been analyzed. By considering the long-wavelength with low-Reynolds number approximation, a mathematical solution was derived to velocity, stream function, pressure difference, and temperature. The nanoparticle’s concentration, amplitude ratio, catheter size, and flow rate have been used to extract the pressure difference. This study analyzes the interaction effect of slip and thermal conditions on nanoparticles fluid suspension with a catheter in a vertical stenotic artery with/without the presence of magnetic field and porosity. The results are helpful for understanding the role of the engineering applications of nanofluids in biomedicine and some other applications. The results of this paper reveal that the nanoparticles concentration has little effect on the velocity, and the concentration, slipping, and porosity of the nanoparticles decreases the thermal energy

Étude de mélanges de travail verts contenant des liquides ioniques pour les thermo-transformateurs à absorption

Recently, the cost and use of energy continually rise. Hence, humans are close to face serious environmental problems such as increasing CO2 discharges. In this regard, global community is to achieve the ambitious objective of reducing carbon footprint and to ensure that the heating demand is covered in a sustainable manner. Since, enormous amounts of low-temperature waste heat are released on daily bases from many industrial plants to the atmosphere at temperatures between 60 - 100°C. Absorption heat transformers (AHT) are interesting because they can recover low temperature waste heat from different industrial activities and renewable energy sources such as solar and geothermal. AHT can be used to upgrade waste heat to produce useful heat for heating and hot water supplies. Nowadays, the standard working pairs used for AHTs are {ammonia + water} and {water + lithium bromide}. However, both of the working pairs show questionable behavior such as toxicity, crystallization and corrosiveness. Therefore, exploring new working pairs which do not exhibit limitations become of great importance. This work includes an investigation to analyze the AHT systems using {water + ionic liquids} binary systems as working fluids. First, basic thermodynamic properties including vapor pressure, density, heat capacity as well as excess enthalpy of these binary systems were measured at various temperatures with different ionic liquid concentrations. The thermodynamic properties data were correlated by different equations, respectively. The correlated values were significantly consistent with the experimental data. Next, simulation of the AHT performance based on the thermodynamic properties of the new working pairs and on the mass and energy balance for each component of the system were performed. Results show that the {H2O + ILs} binary systems are promising alternatives to replace the already used {H2O + LiBr} working pairsCes dernières années, les coûts et la demande en énergie n’ont cessé d’augmenter. Par conséquent, l’humanité fait face à de graves menaces environnementales telles que l'augmentation des rejets de CO2. À cet égard, la communauté internationale doit parvenir à réduire de son empreinte carbone et à veiller à ce que les besoins en énergie thermique soient couverts de manière durable. D’importantes quantités de chaleur résiduaire à basse température (60 - 100°C) sont libérées quotidiennement dans l'atmosphère par de nombreuses installations industrielles. Les thermo-transformateurs de chaleur à absorption constituent un outil intéressant car ils peuvent revaloriser des chaleurs résiduaires pour produire de la chaleur utile pour le chauffage et la production d’eau chaude. Actuellement, les mélanges de travail utilisés dans les pompes à absorption sont les systèmes {ammoniac + eau} et {eau + bromure de lithium}. Cependant, ces deux fluides de travail présentent certains inconvénients tels que la toxicité, la cristallisation et la corrosivité. Par conséquent, il est important de rechercher de nouveaux mélanges de travail. Cette étude a pour objectif d’évaluer l’intérêt d’utiliser des mélanges constitués de liquides ioniques et d'eau au sein de thermo-transformateurs à absorption. Tout d'abord, les propriétés thermodynamiques de ces systèmes binaires (pression de vapeur, densité, capacité thermique et enthalpie d’excès) ont été mesurées dans un large domaine de température et de composition. Ces données expérimentales ont été corrélées à l’aide de modèles thermodynamiques adéquats. Ensuite, les performances de ces fluides de travail ont été évaluées. Les résultats montrent que les systèmes binaires {H2O + Ils} sont une alternative prometteuse aux fluides de travail traditionnels tels que {H2O + LiBr