Televising Court Trials in Canada: We Stand on Guard for a Legal Apocalypse

Four years ago an eminent Canadian jurist denounced the presence of a CBC television crew filming trial participants as they emerged from his courtroom at Osgoode Hall. Chief Justice G. A. Gale of the Ontario Supreme Court found the incident quite offensive and bid the crew to leave the hallway and the courthouse because I was satisfied that their operations constituted an interference with the administration of justice. \u27 Four years later the Canadian position on the presence of news cameras in the courts and within its precincts has remained unaltered, unbending and, worst of all, uncontroverted. A blanket prohibition exists in every Canadian courtroom against the use for publication or otherwise of any news or still camera. Failure to heed the proscription invites the sting of contempt law and, one would assume, from the words of Chief Justice Gale, the eternal damnation of the Canadian judiciary

THE POPULATION GENETICS OF SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

The concept of inclusive fitness plays a key role in much of sociobiology. Yet most theoretical studies concerning the evolution of social behavior circumvent inclusive fitness by mobilizing the concept of frequency dependent individual fitness. Given certain assumptions, it is shown that models based on these two different concepts are dynamically equivalent. The models do differ, however, in bookkeeping methods which are advantageous under different circumstances. A knowledge of these circumstances should prove of value to students of social behavior. It is then shown that evolution acts according to an adaptive landscape based on Hamilton's inclusive fitness in the absence of strong selection and inbreeding. This yields an inclusive fitness analogue to much of traditional population genetics. For example, heterozygote superiority in inclusive fitness yields stable polymorphisms, while intermediate dominance results in fixation of one of the alleles. When individuals do not affect one another's fitnesses, the inclusive fitness topography collapses to one based on individual fitness. A general rule for the evolution of social behavior under intermediate dominance is shown to yield Hamilton's Rule as a special case. Next, a general model for examining the evolution of social behavior is developed which, unlike inclusive fitness models, does not require that benefits received be linear functions of the number of social donors encountered. The subsocial route for the evolution of eusociality in haplodiploid organisms is then examined within the context of this model. Nonlinearities render conditions for frequency independent fixation or loss of sister-helping alleles more stringent than expected from models based on the assumption of linear benefits. In particular, both stable polymorphisms and frequency dependent selective thresholds for sister-helping behavior may commonly obtain

Televising Court Trials in Canada: We Stand on Guard for a Legal Apocalypse

Four years ago an eminent Canadian jurist denounced the presence of a CBC television crew filming trial participants as they emerged from his courtroom at Osgoode Hall. Chief Justice G. A. Gale of the Ontario Supreme Court found the incident quite offensive and bid the crew to leave the hallway and the courthouse because I was satisfied that their operations constituted an interference with the administration of justice. \u27 Four years later the Canadian position on the presence of news cameras in the courts and within its precincts has remained unaltered, unbending and, worst of all, uncontroverted. A blanket prohibition exists in every Canadian courtroom against the use for publication or otherwise of any news or still camera. Failure to heed the proscription invites the sting of contempt law and, one would assume, from the words of Chief Justice Gale, the eternal damnation of the Canadian judiciary

Factors contributing to homelessness.

This study is an analysis of thirty-one interviews held in 1952, with men who were residing at the Meurling Refuge, a municipal shelter in the city of Montreal. It is undertaken with a view to learn of the factors that might have some bearing on why these particular men have become dependent on an institution of this nature. In addition, the writer will survey other existing services available in Canada for the homeless and consider how these services meet the needs of these men. As described in this study, a "homeless man" will denote one who is not attached to a family group in the community in which he is residing, even though members of his family might be living in the same area. Seldom is he willing or able to sustain regular employment, with the result that he has either a marginal income or a complete lack of funds

FONDAPARINUX USAGE IN NON-ST-ELEVATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Anticoagulation treatment is a vital component of acute coronary syndrome treatment. Selection of the most efficient and safe drug for the acute coronary syndrome patients without ST elevation (NSTEACS) depends on the strategy of treatment and is in fact a difficult task. Fondaparinux (Arixtra) is a synthetic Xa factor clotting inhibitor, has showed its benefits in clinical studies, according to which it is included into clinical guidelines. Current review focuses on the main results and conclusions of the studies, and the place for fondaparinux in clinical practice is describe

The Use of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndrome and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Currently, cardiovascular diseases play a leading role in the structure of morbidity. It is expected that by 2020 in developing countries cardiovascular diseases will take the leading position in the structure of mortality. Among the diseases of the cardiovascular system the leading position is occupied by coronary heart disease. One of the manifestations of coronary heart disease is acute coronary syndrome. In addition to endovascular treatment, dual antiplatelet therapy plays a key role in the treatment and prevention of acute coronary syndrome. Double antiplatelet therapy is a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. One of the first drugs from the group of P2Y12 receptor inhibitors is clopidogrel. It has been proven that the use of clopidogrel to date not always reduces the risk of development of thrombotic complications, of particular interest are the representatives of the "new" platelet P2Y12 receptor inhibitors. Such platelet P2Y12-receptor inhibitors include ticagrelor and prasugrel. The article considers in detail the issue of efficiency and safety of prasugrel use. The results of the studies allow to distinguish this drug as an effective inhibitor of P2Y12 platelet receptors in patients with acute coronary syndrome who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention. Considering the pronounced antiplatelet effect of the drug, it should not be prescribed to patients with stroke and a history of transient ischemic attack. Prasugrel also should not be prescribed in a full dose to patients over 75 years old and patients weighing up to 60 kg. These studies showed that when the recommendations are followed, prasugrel demonstrates good results in reducing the frequency of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention. Separately, we can distinguish the effect of prasugrel on the development of stent thrombosis. So, in patients that underwent stenting, the use of prasugrel significantly reduced the frequency of confirmed stent thrombosis, which can also affect the development of undesirable cardiovascular events

Barriers and facilitators to breastfeeding support practices in a neonatal intensive care unit in Colombia

Objective. To assess breastfeeding support practices and related barriers and facilitators in a large Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal (NICU) in Medellín, Colombia, as part of a broader quality improvement initiative to enhance breastfeeding support. Methods. A mixed-methods descriptive design was used to collect data on care practices and outcomes related to NICU breastfeeding support. Data sources included the Neo-BFHI’s self-assessment questionnaire of breastfeeding policies and practices, clinical observations, and a retrospective review of 51 patient charts. Results. Of the 51 charts reviewed, 98% of the infants received breastmilk during their hospitalization but the majority (84%) also received formula and only 8% of infants were exclusively breastfed at the time of NICU discharge. All NICU staff received education on mother and baby-friendly care, and the unit complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk substitutes. However, resources to support lactation (e.g., access to breastfeeding specialists, breast pumps, written teaching materials for parents) were limited, and infants were only allowed to consume milk expressed within the hospital. Mother-infant separation, as well as staff beliefs and care routines, also limited important breastfeeding support practices such as skin-to-skin care and early initiation of direct breastfeeding. Conclusion. The self-assessment questionnaire and observations revealed a high value for breastfeeding and a family-centered approach to care in the NICU. Key challenges to sustaining breastfeeding in the NICU included a lack of facilities for supporting parental presence, barriers to expression and provision of mother’s milk, and a high rate of bottle-feeding with formula