SULTAN MUHAMMAD BELLO SENSE OF GOVERNANCE AND SHAYKH UTHMAN FUDOYE UNDERSTANDING OF ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT IN KITAB SARD AL-KALAM FIMA JARA BAYNI/BAYNANA WA BAINA ABD AL-SALAM AND KITAB AL-FARQ

Sokoto jihad literature seem to be the only literature in Nigeria, written by group of scholars that happen to be comprehensive in nature that covers every part of human endeavor the paper outlines the document of Islamic principle of leadership understand by shaykh Uthman bn Foduye. The books show the differences between the unbeliever’s system of government before the jihad and the Muslims system of government after the jihad. It also highlights the misunderstanding between Abdussalam who is happen to be shaykh’s student and either shaykh himself and or Muhammad Bello. The paper also concludes by recommending to the three group of people individual scholars, sultanate council and government in general to act appropriately for the re-introducing Sokoto Jihad literature to the Muslim community. The paper adopted secondary data in writing the research with the selection of the two books written by Shaykh Uthman bn Fudoye and Muhammad Bello which are Kitab Sard Al-Kalam Fima Jara Bayni/ Baynana Wa Baina Abd Al-Salam and Kitab Al-Fara

Analysis of the Causality Links between the Growth of the Construction Industry and the Growth of the Nigerian Economy

The construction industry makes a signifcant contribution to the growth and development of every economy, by providing infrastructure for other productive ventures, shelter to the citizens and generating employment to people of different levels of knowledge and skills. In Nigeria, the construction industry contributes an average of over 3% to the annual gross domestic product and an average of about one-third of the total fxed capital investment. Despite the huge potentials of the Nigerian construction industry, little attention is given to its signifcance in driving the Nigerian economy to greater heights. This study explored the empirical evidence of causal relationship between the growth and development of the Nigerian economy and that of the construction sector. Econometric techniques such as unit root test, Granger causality test and Johansen's co-integration test were conducted to establish the actual relationship between the output of the construction sector (CS) and the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. Twenty six years' time series data for the CS and the GDP between 1990 to 2015 was obtained from the statistics database of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and used for the analyses. The research revealed that despite the harsh economic realities facing the country in recent times, there exist a bi-directional linkage between the CS and the GDP of Nigeria. Each of them precedes the other by one year. The study recommends that any effort to diversify the Nigerian economy should consider revamping the construction industry for improved productivity in order to beneft from its signifcant positive effects on the economy

Radiological and Toxicity Impact of Uranium (U-238) in Ground Water to Different Age Groups at Wurno, Sokoto State, Nigeria

One of the primary goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) is for every society to have an adequate supply of safe drinking water. This work aimed to assess the radiological and toxicity impact of ground water of Wurno Local Government Area. Uranium activity concentration from 45 water samples collected from different locations in the study area were determined using HpGe   detector, the result from the analysis was used to evaluate the annual effective dose due to ingestion of groundwater from the study area by the inhabitants.  Radiological and chemical toxicity risks were also calculated. High level activity was reported in Diggim while low activity level was reported in Nassarawa-Daje. The annual effective doses for adult, children and infants were estimated to be from 0.008 mSvy-1 to 0.32 mSvy-1. The highest risk cancer mortality value was found at Diggim with a value of 4.34 × 10-4 while the lowest value was observed at Nassarawa Daje with a value of 1.17 × 10-5. Chemical toxicity value ranged from 0.59 – 21. 79 µg.kg-1.day-1 with an average dose value of 5.12 µg.kg-1.day-1. The lifetime average daily dose (LADD) values were reported to be higher at Diggim and lower at Nassarawa-Daje with the values 21.79 µg.kg-1.day-1 and 0.59 µg.kg-1.day-1 respectively compared with 0.6 µg.kg-1.day-1 WHO limit standard. Significantly, the high activity level, and chemical toxicity risk reported from this study is an indication that the area may have developed some fractures of granitic strata in the subsurface geology that contributed to the wide distribution of radiation dose

Facilitating Public Access to Information: the Role of Niger State Library Board Minna

This study investigated the role of Public libraries in facilitating public access to information. The purposive sampling technique was adopted for the study. Questionnaire and observation checklist were used to collect data from seven (7) Professional librarians and forty-one (41) Para-professional library staff given a total of forty-eight (48) respondents. The sample size for the study was thirty seven (37). The data collected were analysed mean scores. Textbooks, reference sources and newspapers were the only information resources available in the library. Only four (4) out of twelve (12) mechanisms were adopted by the library in providing and enhancing access to information. Lack of fund, lack of current textbooks and lack of conducive learning environment were the major constraints in the library. All the remedies were accepted by the respondents. Based on the findings, the study concluded that public libraries in Niger State lack adequate information resources in providing access to information. This study recommended that public libraries should be adequately funded by the State government.Keywords: Access; Information; Library Board; Public libraries; Role; Minna

Analyzing COVID-19 Vaccination Sentiments in Nigerian Cyberspace: Insights from a Manually Annotated Twitter Dataset

Numerous successes have been achieved in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, initially using various precautionary measures like lockdowns, social distancing, and the use of face masks. More recently, various vaccinations have been developed to aid in the prevention or reduction of the severity of the COVID-19 infection. Despite the effectiveness of the precautionary measures and the vaccines, there are several controversies that are massively shared on social media platforms like Twitter. In this paper, we explore the use of state-of-the-art transformer-based language models to study people's acceptance of vaccines in Nigeria. We developed a novel dataset by crawling multi-lingual tweets using relevant hashtags and keywords. Our analysis and visualizations revealed that most tweets expressed neutral sentiments about COVID-19 vaccines, with some individuals expressing positive views, and there was no strong preference for specific vaccine types, although Moderna received slightly more positive sentiment. We also found out that fine-tuning a pre-trained LLM with an appropriate dataset can yield competitive results, even if the LLM was not initially pre-trained on the specific language of that dataset

In-Utero effects of the crude ethanolic extract of the leaves of mitragyna speciosa on neural tube formation in rats

The developmental effects of in-utero administration of the crude ethanolic extract of the leaves of itragyna speciosa (MS) on neural tube in fetal rats were investigated. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally once daily by gavage, with graded (500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg) doses of the extract between the 8th and 13th day prenatally. The control group received corn oil used as vehicle for the extract. On the 18th day of gestation, mothers were sacrificed and embryos removed and stained under established procedures. The embryos were then analyzed for the presence of neural tube defects (NTD) through measurements of the extent of vertebral arch closure and brain size. Results indicate that the medium (C) and high (D) (1000 & 1500mg/kg) doses but not the low (B) (500mg/kg) dose in comparison with control (A) group, significantly (p10.001) produced a widening of the vertebral arch in the thoracic, lumber and cervical regions of the spinal cord. The brain transverse diameter was also significantly (p10.05) increased by the high dose only. These effects were seen in the absence of any significant differences in litter size and other gross physical abnormalities. This study indicates that the crude extract of the leaves of MS is capable of selective neurotoxicity and producing spina bifida like NTD as characterized by altered brain size and neural tube formation, a finding that may have an important implication in the dependence liability associated with its use

Comparative Analysis of Haemolysin Production and Complement Levels in Indigenous Rabbits (Oryclolagus cunicali) and Other Animal Species

The complement system is an essential part of the immune response, defending against infections and contributing to inflammation. This studyfocuses on haemolysin production and complement levels in local rabbits, using subcutaneous and intravenous inoculation. It also evaluatedcomplement levels in various animal species and healthy humans for comparison. Serum samples were collected, and the complement fixationtest was performed using sheep red blood cells as markers. The findings revealed changes in red blood cell lysis with different haemolysin dilutions over time. The study also provides information on complement minimum haemolytic dose concentrations in various animal species. A graph illustrates the antibody levels in response to different inoculation routes. This research enhances our understanding of haemolysin and complement levels, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols and larger population studies to explore clinical implications to benefit immunological studies

Effects of micronutrients on oxidative stress in HIV positive patients taking highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in a tertiary health care facility in Kano, northwest Nigeria

The study examined the effects of micronutrients supplementation on oxidative stress markers in HIV positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH) Kano-Nigeria. Fifty four (54) HIV positive individuals already taking HAART were placed on a daily dose of a multivitamin supplement for a period of three months. Another 54 HIV positive subjects who were already on HAART served as the control group for the same period of time. Prior to the multivitamin supplementation, the baseline mean serum vitamin A, C, and E, selenium, zinc, malondehaldehyde (MDA), albumin, total protein, and CD4+ count values were established. With the exception of mean serum vitamin C, the mean serum values for the studied parameters after the supplementation period increased significantly (P<0.05) in the non supplemented group compared to their baseline values. The mean serum vitamin A, C, and E, Se, total protein and CD4+ count of the supplemented group increased significantly when compared to their baseline values. Mean serum MDA was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the multivitamin supplemented group compared to their baseline. No significant difference (P<0.05) was seen in the mean serum vitamin C and albumin of the multivitamin supplemented group as compared to their baseline. The mean serum vitamins A, C, and E and the CD4+ count of the multivitamins supplemented subjects significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared to that of the non supplemented subjects. Mean serum selenium and zinc increased significantly (P<0.05) in the non supplemented subjects but not in the supplemented subjects. The serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) in the form of malondialdehyde (MDA), for the supplemented subjects was found to reduce significantly (P<0.05) compared to that of the non supplemented subjects. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the supplemented and the non supplemented subjects in their serum total protein and albumin. Among the supplemented Subjects, vitamin A and C increased significantly (P<0.05) in the ARV treatment naïve sub group. Vitamin E, selenium and zinc increased significantly (P<0.05) in the ARV treated sub group, while MDA decreased significantly (P<0.05) in this sub group. Micronutrient supplementation was therefore shown to reduce oxidative stress in HIV positive patients on HAART and could possibly be very helpful as an adjunct in the treatment of this disease.Key Words: Antiretroviral, micronutrients, malondialdehyde, ART naïve, reactive oxygen species, supplementation

Knowledge of health effects and determinants of psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Introduction: psychoactive substance use (PSU) is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or methods which are harmful to themselves or others. Psychoactive substance use takes a considerable toll on financial status, academic achievement and health status of addicts. In Nigeria, PSU is on the increase, one of the most disturbing health-related problems and a leading cause of premature death among school aged population worldwide. We therefore, determined the knowledge of health effects and determinants of psychoactive substance use among secondary school students in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study among 430 secondary school students that were selected using multistage sampling in Sokoto, Northwestern, Nigeria from April to May 2019. We collected data using a semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. We calculated proportions and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) in a binary logistic regression model. Results: knowledge of health effects of PSU was good in 38.1% of the respondents with a mean score of 19.6 ± 10.0. The overall prevalence of PSU was high among current users (16.3%), male participants (78.6%) and those aged 17-years or more (68.6%). Independent predictors of current use of psychoactive substances were poor knowledge of health effects (aOR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.7-10.0) and father´s use of psychoactive substances (aOR: 10.3, 95% CI= 1.9-57.1). Conclusion: knowledge of health effects of psychoactive substances was generally poor among the participants with an associated high prevalence among current users. Poor knowledge of its health effects determines the use of psychoactive substances. We conducted awareness campaigns and health talk on health effects of PSU to secondary school students in the state. The Federal Ministry of Education should ensure that PSU-related topics are incorporated in the secondary school curriculum