A Heuristics Based Approach for Cellular Mobile Network Planning

ABSTRACT Designing and planning of the switching, signaling and support network is a fairly complex process in cellular mobile network. In this paper, the problem of assigning cells to switches in cellular mobile network, which is considered a planning problem, is addressed. The cell to switch assignment problem which falls under the category of the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is a proven NP– hard problem. Further, the problem is modelled to include an additional constraint in the formulation. The additional constraint is of the maximum number of switch ports that are used for a cell's Base Station Transceiver System (BTS) connectivity to the switch. The addition of the constraint on the number of ports on a switch has immense practical signicance. This paper presents a non– deterministic heuristic based on Simulated Evolution (SimE) iterative algorithm to provide solutions. The methods adopted in this paper are a completely innovative formulation of the problem and involve application of Evolutionary Computing for this complex problem that may be extended to solutions of similar problems in VLSI design, distributed computing and many other applications

A Heuristics Based Approach for Cellular Mobile Network Planning

ABSTRACT Designing and planning of the switching, signaling and support network is a fairly complex process in cellular mobile network. In this paper, the problem of assigning cells to switches in cellular mobile network, which is considered a planning problem, is addressed. The cell to switch assignment problem which falls under the category of the Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is a proven NP– hard problem. Further, the problem is modelled to include an additional constraint in the formulation. The additional constraint is of the maximum number of switch ports that are used for a cell's Base Station Transceiver System (BTS) connectivity to the switch. The addition of the constraint on the number of ports on a switch has immense practical signicance. This paper presents a non– deterministic heuristic based on Simulated Evolution (SimE) iterative algorithm to provide solutions. The methods adopted in this paper are a completely innovative formulation of the problem and involve application of Evolutionary Computing for this complex problem that may be extended to solutions of similar problems in VLSI design, distributed computing and many other applications

Designing Cellular Mobile Networks Using Non{Deterministic Iterative Heuristics

Abstract Network planning in the highly competitive, demand-adaptive and rapidly growing cellular telecommunications industry is a fairly complex and crucial issue. It comprises collective optimization of the supporting, switching, signaling and interconnection networks to minimize costs while observing imposed infrastructure constraints. This work focuses on the problem of assigning cells to switches, which comprise the Base Station Controller and Mobile Switching Center, in a cellular mobile network. As a classic instance of the NP-hard Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), deterministic algorithms are incapable of nding optimal solutions in the vast complex search space in polynomial time. Hence, a randomized, heuristic algorithm, such as Simulated Evolution is used in this work to optimize the transmission costs in cellular networks. The results achieved are compared with existing methods available in literature. Key words: Network planning, Cellular Mobile Network, Assignment, Quadratic Assignment Problem, Heuristics, Evolutionary Heuristics, Soft Computing

Designing Cellular Mobile Networks Using Non{Deterministic Iterative Heuristics

Abstract Network planning in the highly competitive, demand-adaptive and rapidly growing cellular telecommunications industry is a fairly complex and crucial issue. It comprises collective optimization of the supporting, switching, signaling and interconnection networks to minimize costs while observing imposed infrastructure constraints. This work focuses on the problem of assigning cells to switches, which comprise the Base Station Controller and Mobile Switching Center, in a cellular mobile network. As a classic instance of the NP-hard Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP), deterministic algorithms are incapable of nding optimal solutions in the vast complex search space in polynomial time. Hence, a randomized, heuristic algorithm, such as Simulated Evolution is used in this work to optimize the transmission costs in cellular networks. The results achieved are compared with existing methods available in literature. Key words: Network planning, Cellular Mobile Network, Assignment, Quadratic Assignment Problem, Heuristics, Evolutionary Heuristics, Soft Computing

In vitro evaluation of electroporated gold nanoparticles and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic field anticancer activity against Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells

Introduction. The extremely-low frequency electromagnetic field (ELFEMF) has been proposed for use in cancer therapy since it was found that magnetic waves interfere with many biological processes. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have been widely used for drug delivery during cancer in vitro studies due to their low cytotoxity and high biocompatibility. The electroporation of cancer cells in a presence of Au-NPs (EP Au-NPs) can induce cell apoptosis, alterations of cell cycle profile and morphological changes. The impact of ELFEMF and EP Au-NPs on morphology, cell cycle and activation of apoptosis-associated genes on Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cell line has not been studied yet. Materials and methods. ELFEMF on Hep-2 cells were carried out using four different conditions: 25/50 mT at 15/30 min, while Au-NPs were used as direct contact (DC) or with electroporation (EP, 10 pulses at 200V, equal time intervals of 4 sec). MTT assay was used to check the toxicity of DC Au-NPs. Expression of CASP3, P53, BAX and BCL2 genes was quantified using qPCR. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was used to observe cell morphology. Results. Calculated IC50 of DC Au-NPs 24.36 μM (4.79 μg/ml) and such concentration was used for further DC and EP AuNPs experiments. The up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes (CASP3, P53, BAX) and decreased expression of BCL2, respectively, was observed for all analyzed conditions with the highest differences for EP AuNPs and ELFEMF 50 mT/30 min in comparison to control cells. The highest content of cells arrested in G2/M phase was observed in ELFEMF-treated cells for 30 min both at 25 or 50 mT, while the cells treated with EP AuNPs or ELFEMF 50 mT/15 min showed highest ratios of apoptotic cells. HE staining of electroporated cells and cells exposed to ELFEMF’s low and higher frequencies for different times showed nuclear pleomorphic cells. Numerous apoptotic bodies were observed in the irregular cell membrane of neoplastic and necrotic cells with mixed euchromatin and heterochromatin. Conclusions. Our observations indicate that treatment of Hep-2 laryngeal cancer cells with ELFEMF for 30 min at 25–50 mT and EP Au-NPs can cause cell damage inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest

Mise au point de critères d'indication de la radiographie pour traumatisme récent de la cheville chez l'enfant

Cette étude prospective réalisée sur un échantillon de 1157 enfants, a pour projet d'identifier des critères cliniques permettant la prescription sélective de radiographie pour un enfant consultant en urgence pour traumatisme de la cheville. Cette démarche, s'inscrit dans le cadres d'une rationalisation des demandes d'examens complémentaires, face à une prescription systématique des radiographies, elle a permis chez l'adulte, de mettre au point les critères d'Ottawa; leur utilisation chez l'enfant semble moins performante, justifiant la recherche de critères plus adaptés aux jeunes patients. La première partie de ce travail rappelle les caractéristiques des traumatismes de la cheville, propres à l'enfant. Une revue de la littérature témoingne ensuite de l'intérêt suscité par ce problème de santé publique. Puis la sélection de critères cliniques est exposée. Elle propose de retenir comme signes "prédictifs" de fracture, "l'appui impossible", "l'existence de douleurs osseuses et/ou des parties molles", "un mécanisme traumatique différents du varus", "un délai de consultation <= 6 h". Un score quantitatif de 0 à 58 points est établi en fonction de la présence de es 4 critères, il prévoit la prescrption de radiographies lorsqu'il atteint 24 points, évitant ainsi la réalisation de 44% des radiographies en ne laissant échapper aucune fracture au diagnostic.ROUEN-BU Médecine-Pharmacie (765402102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF