11,460 research outputs found
Development of Biosatellite Primate Mission component qualification levels
Biosatellite Primate Mission component qualification
Spontaneous Synchrony Breaking
Research on synchronization of coupled oscillators has helped explain how
uniform behavior emerges in populations of non-uniform systems. But explaining
how uniform populations engage in sustainable non-uniform synchronization may
prove to be just as fascinating
Ī²-arrestin regulates estradiol membrane-initiated signaling in hypothalamic neurons.
Estradiol (E2) action in the nervous system is the result of both direct nuclear and membrane-initiated signaling (EMS). E2 regulates membrane estrogen receptor-Ī± (ERĪ±) levels through opposing mechanisms of EMS-mediated trafficking and internalization. While Ć-arrestin-mediated mERĪ± internalization has been described in the cortex, a role of Ć-arrestin in EMS, which underlies multiple physiological processes, remains undefined. In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH), membrane-initiated E2 signaling modulates lordosis behavior, a measure of female sexually receptivity. To better understand EMS and regulation of ERĪ± membrane levels, we examined the role of Ć-arrestin, a molecule associated with internalization following agonist stimulation. In the present study, we used an immortalized neuronal cell line derived from embryonic hypothalamic neurons, the N-38 line, to examine whether Ć-arrestins mediate internalization of mERĪ±. Ī²-arrestin-1 (Arrb1) was found in the ARH and in N-38 neurons. In vitro, E2 increased trafficking and internalization of full-length ERĪ± and ERĪ±Ī4, an alternatively spliced isoform of ERĪ±, which predominates in the membrane. Treatment with E2 also increased phosphorylation of extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) in N-38 neurons. Arrb1 siRNA knockdown prevented E2-induced ERĪ±Ī4 internalization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo, microinfusions of Arrb1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) into female rat ARH knocked down Arrb1 and prevented estradiol benzoate-induced lordosis behavior compared with nonsense scrambled ODN (lordosis quotient: 3 Ā± 2.1 vs. 85.0 Ā± 6.0; p < 0.0001). These results indicate a role for Arrb1 in both EMS and internalization of mERĪ±, which are required for the E2-induction of female sexual receptivity
Charles Dickens\u27 Novels in the Courts
This article examines written judicial opinions that contain references to novels by Charles Dickens (1812-1870), the British novelist and social critic who is widely regarded as one of the greatest writers of the Victorian Age. Americans today still read Dickensā best-known novels, and the U.S. Supreme Court and the lower federal and state courts have cited and quoted from them
What Great Writers Can Teach Lawyers and Judges: Precise, Concise, Simple and Clear
Despite some imperfections across disciplines, advice from well-known fiction and non-fiction writers can serve lawyers and judges well because law, in its essence, is a literary profession heavily dependent on the written word. There are only two types of writing - good writing and bad writing. As poet (and Massachusetts Bar member) Archibald MacLeish recognized, good legal writing is simply good writing about a legal subject. Lawyers would be better off, said MacLeish, if they stopped thinking of the language of the law as a different language and realized that the art of writing for legal purposes is in no way distinguishable from the art of writing for any other purpose
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