CURRENT ISSUES OF THE PRE-TRIAL COOPERATION AGREEMENT IN RUSSIA

The article analyzes a number of issues related to the pre-trial cooperation agreement. It is noted that in order to improve the quality of cases in a particular order at the conclusion of pretrial agreement on cooperation it is advisable to comply strictly with the requirements of substantive and procedural law in considering cases in the order of Chapter 40.1 of the criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation, to take into account the opinion of the victim at the conclusion of pretrial agreement on cooperation, the possibility of case consideration in a special order, as well as other issues

The Influence of the Sorghum Grain Composition on the Efficiency of its Microbial Conversion to Ethanol and Lysine

Показана перспективность использования сахарного сорго в производстве спирта взамен традиционно применяемых зерновых культур пищевого назначения. Однако практически не исследованы вопросы комплексной биотехнологической переработки зернового сорго в этанол и кормовые белково-аминокислотные добавки. Цель работы состояла в изучении влияния особенностей состава полимеров зерна сорго на качество сусла, эффективность его сбраживания, выход спирта и синтез лизина. Объектами исследований являлись различные сорта зернового сорго, спиртовые дрожжи Sасcharomyces cerevisiae 985-Т и продуцент лизина Brevibacterium RCAM 01129. Сусло, приготовленное из зерна сорго с более высокой крахмалистостью, обладало хорошей экстрактивностью и содержало максимальное количество растворимых сухих и редуцирующих углеводов. Однако высокое содержание некрахмальных полисахаридов и белков отрицательно сказывалось на реологических свойствах сусла, вязкость которого повышалась на 20–30 %. Уровень синтеза этанола существенно зависел от качественных показателей сусла и от содержания в зерне основных полимеров. Так, результаты сбраживания сусла, приготовленного из зерна сорго с крахмалистостью порядка 72 %, но различающегося по содержанию других полимеров, показали, что более высокий уровень образования спирта отмечен в бражке из сортов с пониженным содержанием гемицеллюлозы. Наиболее низкая степень конверсии углеводов в этанол отмечена при сбраживании сусла, приготовленного из сорта сорго с содержанием гемицеллюлозы 8,3 %, несмотря на самую высокую его крахмалистость (75,6 %). При этом выход спирта со 100 г крахмала составил 64,3 см3, что на 3,3–3,6 % ниже аналогичных показателей в вариантах, где использовались сорта с более низким содержанием некрахмальных полисахаридов. На уровень синтеза лизина, так же как этанола, оказывало влияние содержание углеводных и белковых полимеров в исследуемых сортах сорго. Наибольший выход лизина (28,7 %) достигнут на питательных средах, приготовленных из сортов сорго с высоким содержанием крахмала (74,1 %) и белка (12,0 %), но пониженным – гемицеллюлоз (6,1 %). Представлена схема комплексного производства спирта и кормовой лизино-белковой добавки, в которой содержание белка в 1,8 раза, а лизина – в 36,5 раза выше, чем в зерновой бардеSugar sorghum has been extensively studied as a promising crop for the production of alcohol instead of traditionally used food crops. However, the issues of combined biotechnological processing of grain sorghum into ethanol and protein-amino acid feed supplements have hardly been investigated. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of the polymer composition of sorghum grain on the quality of wort, the efficiency of its fermentation, the yield of alcohol, and the synthesis of lysine. Different varieties of grain sorghum, alcohol yeast Sасcharomyces cerevisiae 985-Т, and lysine producer Brevibacterium RCAM 01129 were used in this study. The wort prepared from sorghum grain with higher starchiness had adequate extract content and contained the maximum amount of soluble dry and reducing carbohydrates. However, the high content of non-starch polysaccharides and proteins negatively affected the rheological properties of the wort, the viscosity of which increased by 20–30 %. The level of ethanol synthesis was essentially determined by the quality parameters of the wort and the content of the main polymers in the grain. Thus, the results of fermentation of wort prepared from sorghum grain with starch content of about 72 % but differing in the content of other polymers showed that the level of alcohol formation was higher in the brews of varieties with reduced hemicellulose content. The lowest degree of conversion of carbohydrates to ethanol was observed in the fermentation of wort prepared from sorghum with hemicellulose content of 8.3 %, despite its highest starchiness (75.6 %). At the same time, the yield of alcohol from 100 g of starch was 64.3 cm3, which was 3.3–3.6 % lower than where varieties with lower content of non-starch polysaccharides were used. The level of synthesis of lysine, as well as ethanol, was influenced by the content of carbohydrate and protein polymers in the sorghum varieties studied in this work. The highest lysine yield (28.7 %) was achieved on nutrient media prepared from sorghum varieties high in starch (74.1 %) and protein (12.0 %) but low in hemicellulose (6.1 %). A scheme of combined production of alcohol and lysine-protein feed supplements has been developed, in which the protein and lysine contents are higher by a factor of 1.8 and 36.5, respectively, compared to grain vinass

Superior Strength of Austenitic Steel Produced by Combined Processing, including Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and Rolling

Enhancement in the strength of austenitic steels with a small content of carbon can be achieved by a limited number of methods, among which is ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure formation. This method is especially efficient with the use of severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing, which significantly increases the contribution of grain-boundary strengthening, and also involves a combination of the other strengthening factors (work hardening, twins, etc.). In this paper, we demonstrate that the use of SPD processing combined with conventional methods of deformation treatment of metals, such as rolling, may lead to additional strengthening of UFG steel. In the presented paper we analyze the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Cr–Ni stainless austenitic steel after a combined deformation. We report on substantial increases in the strength properties of this steel, resulting from a consecutive application of SPD processing via equal-channel angular pressing and rolling at a temperature of 400 °C. This combined loading yields a strength more than 1.5 times higher than those produced by either of these two techniques used separately

Zonation of Merensky-Style platinum-group element mineralization in Turfspruit Thick Reef Facies (Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex)

The stratigraphy, whole-rock composition, and mineralogy from a thick undisturbed section of the Platreef at depth on Turfspruit in the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex have been examined in detail. This section has much more in common with the Critical zone than with the Platreef structure updip although the high-grade platinum-group element (PGE) reefs, located close to the boundary with the Main zone, are much thicker than any known Merensky reef facies. A key feature that marks the conversion of the Platreefstyle mineralization into the Merensky style is the regular appearance of chromite seams, which become more persistent with decreasing contamination westward and downdip. The similar zonal distribution of platinum-group minerals (PGM) in two consecutive thick PGE reefs correlates with changes in silicate compositions and vertical zonation of PGE concentrations in whole rocks and base metal sulfides. This supports orthomagmatic in situ crystallization of ore minerals during mixing of consecutive magmatic influxes. The typical Merensky-style ore assemblages of predominant Pt sulfides and alloys are developed within ~1-m-thick intervals, which correspond to the highest temperature mixing zones between two magmas, whereas the rest of the reefs host Pt-Pd bismuthotellurides and arsenides. PGE content and tenor, as well as Cu/Pd in major base metal sulfides in the Turfspruit reefs, are within the range of the typical high-grade Merensky values, suggesting the same enrichment process

Study of Catalytic Activity of Lipase and Lipase-Chitosan Complexes in Dynamics

Pancreatic porcine lipase (PPL) is the unique enzyme in numerous biochemical processes for human and animals. Stability in time is the critical point for many enzymes in relation to their further applications. The effect of chitosan on the activity of PPL during 2 months was investigated.Materials and Methods: Potentiometric method was used to study the catalytic activity of enzymes that based on measuring of the potential an electrode immersed in a triacetin (substrate) solution by titration with 0.01 M NaOH. A laboratory pH-stat with combined pH electrode was used for the measurements of this potential in the presence of PPL or PPL-chitosan complexes. Standard experimental conditions: 40 ºC, pH 7.0.Results: The following PPL activity values (data given in % to the activity of free lipase) vs. time (in 10 min. intervals) were obtained: 100%, 97.4%, 89.9%, 82.9%, 77.9% and 75.9% after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min., respectively. The PPL catalytic activity decreased at about ¼ to ½ of the initial values after 7 or 14 days, 1 or 2 months storage, although there were differences in the decline dynamics. The complex PPL:Chit=50:1 has better stabilizing properties as compared to other complexes; does not strongly inhibit lipase and requires a small amount of carrier (chitosan) for its formation.Conclusions: The complex PPL:Chit=25:1 is less effective as the PPL:Chit=50:1 complex, but both can be applicable in some industrial processes