Ficção científica na transposição didática do conceito de Entropia: a última pergunta de Isaac Asimov [Science fiction in the didactic transposition of the concept of Entropy: Isaac Asimov’s last question]

This paper presents and analyzes the methodology for teaching the concept of entropy supported by a science fiction text. In previous publications, we have presented ways of articulating Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning and Matthew Lipman’s Education theories, the object of his Philosophy Program. We show how this articulation considers the prerogatives of meaningful learning, linking it to higher-order thinking established by research communities and suggesting aggregating methods. As a theoretical-methodological expansion of these references, we transferred the notion of didactic transposition, via science fiction texts, to reinforce these postulates about teaching and cognition. The translational research involved researchers from the field of Physics teaching and 58 second-year high school students from a public institution. In the pedagogical mediation, as a basis for the discussion of the concept of entropy in the Second Law of Thermodynamics, we use one of the most acclaimed short stories by the popular Russian-American author, Isaac Asimov, entitled “The Last Question”. For data analysis, we resorted to techniques of semantic frequency and medium order of evocation as constructs of a taxonomy for the investigation of social representations arising from the implemented proposition. The results indicated consistency with the perspective of meaningful learning, consolidating reflections for similar interventions and contiguous research

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Estudo comparativo do perfil facial de indivíduos Padrões I, II e III portadores de selamento labial passivo Comparative analyses of facial profile among Patterns I, II and III faces with passive lip sealment

OBJETIVO: avaliar as características numéricas do perfil facial. METODOLOGIA: avaliou-se uma amostra de 50 indivíduos, brasileiros, adultos, leucodermas, portadores de selamento labial passivo, classificados pela avaliação morfológica do perfil em 41% Padrão II e 9% Padrão III. A análise facial numérica do perfil foi realizada em fotografias padronizadas. As medidas obtidas para as variáveis estudadas nos dois padrões foram comparadas entre si e com as do Padrão I por meio da Análise de variância (ANOVA) complementada pelo Teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os Grupos Padrão I, II e III nas medidas obtidas para os ângulos nasolabial e do sulco mentolabial e a proporção entre as alturas faciais média e inferior. O ângulo interlabial foi mais obtuso no Padrão III. Esse Padrão também apresentou menor convexidade facial e menor proporção do terço inferior da face. O ângulo do terço inferior da face, que avalia a protrusão mandibular, foi mais obtuso no Padrão II.<br>AIM: the present study appraised the numerical characteristics of the facial profile. METHODS: it was evaluated a sample of 50 individuals, 32 men and 18 women, between 18 and 36 years old, Brazilian, Caucasian, non-orthodontically treated, carrying an adequate muscular facial balance, showed by a passive lip sealment. Facial morphologic analysis of the profile detected 41% with Pattern II and 9% with Pattern III relationship between maxilla and mandible. Numeric facial analysis of the profile was performed in all photographs. One-way ANOVA test and Tukey's Pairwise comparison test were done to compare the results obtained with those of Pattern I patients, used as control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: there were no statistical differences among Patterns I, II and III for nasolabial angle, mentolabial fold angle and the proportion between medium and lower facial heights. Interlabial angle was more obtuse in Pattern III group. This Pattern showed lower facial convexity and proportion of the lower third of the face. The angle of the lower third of the face, which measures mandibular protrusion was more obtuse in Pattern II group

Estudo da prevalência das doenças tireoidianas em pacientes tireoidectomizados no Hospital da Santa Casa de Goiânia

OBJETIVO: O Estado de Goiás deixou de ser oficialmente considerado como região endêmica de bócio em 1995. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a correspondência entre os diagnósticos das doenças tireoidianas (bócio endêmico, tireoidites e câncer), observados nos laudos anátomo-patológicos e nas observações dos inquéritos epidemiológicos. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 1399 pacientes submetidos a tireoidectomias na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia de 1993 a 2003, e que resultaram em 1610 diagnósticos anátomo-patológicos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados dos exames anátomo-patológicos dos pacientes revelaram: a) adenoma folicular 155 (9,63%); b) outros adenomas 29 (1,8%); c) bócio adenomatoso 87 (5,4%); d) bócio colóide 981 (60,9%); e) carcinoma folicular 36 (2,24%); f) carcinoma indiferenciado 3 (0,19%); g) carcinoma papilífero 93 (5,78%); h) cistos 9 (0,56%); i) bócio difuso tóxico 75 (4,66%); j) outras tireoidites 12 (0,75%); l) outras neoplasias malignas 6 (0,38%) e m) tireoidite linfocítica 124 (7,71%). CONCLUSÕES: O perfil observado com uma prevalência alta de tireoidite linfocítica e carcinoma papilífero se correlaciona realmente com região não endêmica