Almost all working adults have at least one risk factor for non-communicable diseases: Survey of working adults in Eastern Ethiopia.

INTRODUCTION: The disease burden and mortality related to Non-communicable Diseases (NCD) increased in the last couple of decades in Ethiopia. As a result, an estimated 300,000 deaths per annum were due to NCD. According to a World Health Organization report, 39% of the total deaths in Ethiopia were attributable to NCD. Rapid urbanization characterized by unhealthy lifestyles such as tobacco and/or alcohol use, physical inactivity, low fruits and vegetable consumption, and overweight drive the rising burden of NCD. However, studies on risk factors for NCD and associated variables are limited among working adults in Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the magnitude of the risk factors of NCD and associated factors among working adults in Eastern Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 1,200 working adults in Eastern Ethiopia that were selected using a simple random sampling technique from December 2018 to February 2019. Data were collected following the World Health Organization Stepwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (WHO STEP) instruments translated into the local language. A total of five risk factors were included in the study. The Negative Binomial Regression Model was used to determine the association between NCD risk factor scores and other independent variables. Adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was used to report the findings while the association was declared significant at a p-value of less than 0.05. STATA version 16.1 was used for data clearing, validating and statistical analysis. RESULTS: Totally, 1,164 (97% response rate) participants were employed for analysis. Overall, 95.8% (95% CI: 94.4-96.7%) of the participants had at least one of the five risk factors of NCD. Furthermore, the proportion of participants that had all NCD risk factors was 0.3%. Among the participants, 47.5% were alcohol drinkers, 5.1% were current smokers, 35.5% were overweight, 49.1% exercise low physical activity, and 95% had less than five portions of fruits and vegetables intake per day. Higher risk factor scores were associated with those of advanced age (AIRR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.01-1.53 in 35-44 age group and AIRR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.01-1.62 in 45-54 age group), and the ones who are higher educational level (AIRR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.07-1.43 for those who have completed secondary school and AIRR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.11-1.50 for those who have completed college education). CONCLUSION: The overwhelming majority (95.8%) of the participants had at least one risk factor for non-communicable diseases. The risk score of non-communicable diseases was higher among those with advanced age and who completed secondary and above levels of education. In a nutshell, the finding shows the need for lifestyle modification and comprehensive non-communicable diseases prevention programs for working adults in Eastern Ethiopia

Co-occurrence of hypertension and type 2 diabetes: prevalence and associated factors among Haramaya University employees in Eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundBoth hypertension (HTN) and diabetes are public health concerns in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan African countries. The co-occurrence of HTN and diabetes is associated with an increased risk of mortality, morbidity, and reduced productivity in the working force. In Ethiopia, there is limited evidence on the co-occurrence of HTN and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM and their associated factors among Haramaya University employees in Eastern Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1,200 employees at Haramaya University using a simple random sampling technique from December 2018 to February 2019. Demographic and behavioral factors were collected on a semi-structured questionnaire, followed by measurement of anthropometry and blood pressure. Blood glucose and lipid profile measurements were performed by collecting 6 ml of venous blood samples after 8 h of overnight fasting. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 version and analyzed using Stata 16 software. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were applied to observe the association between independent variables with co-occurrence of HPN and T2DM using odds ratio, 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-values of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe prevalence of HTN and T2DM was 27.3 and 7.4%, respectively. The co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM was 3.8%. The study found that being older (AOR = 3.97; 95 % CI: 1.80–8.74), khat chewing (AOR = 2.76; 95 % CI: 1.23–6.18), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (AOR = 5.11; 95 % CI: 2.06–12.66), and sedentary behavior ≥8 h per day (AOR = 6.44; 95 % CI: 2.89–14.34) were statistically associated with co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM. On the other hand, consuming fruits and vegetables (AOR = 0.10; 95 % CI: 0.04–0.22) and a higher level of education (AOR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.17–0.89) were negatively statistically associated with the co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM.ConclusionThe co-occurrence of HTN and T2DM was prevalent among the study participants. This may create a substantial load on the healthcare system as an end result of increased demand for healthcare services. Therefore, rigorous efforts are needed to develop strategies for screening employees to tackle the alarming increase in HTN and T2DM in university employees

In‐hospital mortality and length of stay of patients with hypertensive crisis treated at public hospitals in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

Abstract Hypertensive crisis poses substantial cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess in‐hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and their predictors among patients with hypertensive crisis treated at public hospitals in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia. An institutional‐based retrospective cohort study was conducted from October 1 to 31, 2022. The medical records of 328 patients with hypertensive crisis treated at two public hospitals between September 1, 2017 and August 31, 2022 were reviewed. Cox proportional hazards regression and negative binomial regression were used to identify predictors of in‐hospital mortality and LOS, respectively. The in‐hospital mortality rate of patients with hypertensive crisis was 18.94 (95% confidence interval (CI): 12.08–29.70) per 1000 person‐day observation. The median (interquartile range) LOS of these patients was 10 (4–120) hours. Age ≥65 years (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR): 3.30; 95% CI: 1.17– 9.33); increment in initial systolic blood pressure (AHR: 1.040; 95% CI: 1.014–1.066); and having acute brain‐related damage (AHR: 4.02; 95% CI: 1.48–10.88) were predictors of in‐hospital mortality. Rural residence (adjusted incident‐rate ratio (IRR): 1.34; 95% CI: 1.03–1.75); having a history of medication discontinuation (adjusted IRR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.16–2.18); comorbidity (adjusted IRR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.49–2.43); acute brain‐related damage (adjusted IRR: 13.32; 95% CI: 9.22–19.24), acute cardiac‐related damage (adjusted IRR: 7.40; 95% CI: 4.90–11.16); and acute kidney injury (adjusted IRR: 7.64; 95% CI: 5.46–10.69) were predictors of LOS. Thus, it is necessary to develop strategies that allow early screening and follow‐up of patients at risk

Additional file: Table S1. of Utilization of youth friendly services and associated factors among youth in Harar town, east Ethiopia: a mixed method study

In-depth interview guide for service providers and youth in Harar town, Ethiopia, 2011. Table S2: Focus Group Discussion guide for youth in Harar town, Ethiopia, 2011. (DOCX 17 kb

Dyslipidemia and its predictors among adult workers in eastern Ethiopia: An institution-based cross-sectional study.

IntroductionDyslipidemia is a modifiable major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Although, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in high-income countries has been well documented, there is dearth of information about the dyslipidemia among working adults in sub-Saharan African countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of dyslipidemia and its associated factors among Haramaya University employees, in Eastern Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,200 university employees aged 20 to 60 years. Study participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected face-to-face interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Dyslipidemia was defined as unhealthy levels of one or more lipid profile such as high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides or total cholesterol. Data were entered into Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 16.1 software. Modified Poisson regression with robust variance was used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) with its 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was declared at P-value ResultsOf 1,164 participants, 59.6% participants had at least one lipid abnormality (i.e., 57.9% among men and 61.5% among women). Of which, 36.8% had high total cholesterol (TC), 21.6% had low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), 22.4% had high low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and 32.6% had high triglyceride (TG). We found that overweight/obesity, sedentary behavior, alcohol consumption, having hypertension and age 45 and above years were significant predictors of dyslipidemia. However, those who served fruit and vegetables more than five per day had significantly reduced prevalence ratio of dyslipidemia.ConclusionsThe high prevalent dyslipidemia among university employees is an important public health problem. Hence, tailored interventions to reduce overweight/obesity, hypertension, alcohol consumption and low fruit and vegetable intake have paramount importance to tackle dyslipidemia particularly among older age

Barriers to healthcare data quality and recommendations in public health facilities in Dire Dawa city administration, eastern Ethiopia: a qualitative study

BackgroundMaintaining good quality of healthcare data at various levels is a critical challenge in developing countries. The barriers to healthcare data quality remain largely unexplored in eastern Ethiopia.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the barriers to quality of healthcare data in urban public health facilities in the Dire Dawa city administration from 7 April to 7 May 2019.MethodsAn institutional-based qualitative exploratory approach was used among 17 purposefully selected key informants. In-depth interviews were inductively coded using the ATLAS.ti 7.5.4 version software. Inductive analysis was used by semantically analyzing the explicit content of the data to determine our themes.ResultsSeveral key themes and subthemes with different barriers, some of which are mutually non-exclusive, were identified. These include: Organizational Barriers: Lack of an adequate health management information system and data clerk staff, poor management commitment, lack of post-training follow-up, work overload, frequent duty rotation, lack of incentives for good performers, lack of targeted feedback, and poor culture of information use. Behavioral/Individual Barriers: Gaps in the skill of managers and health professionals, lack of adequate awareness of each indicator and its definitions, inadequate educational competence, lack of feeling of ownership, poor commitment, lack of daily tallying, and lack of value for data. Technical Barriers: Lack of a standard form, diverse and too many data entry formats, manual data collection, shortage of supplies, failure to repair system break down in a timely manner, interruption in electricity and network, delay in digitizing health information systems, lack of post-training follow-up, and inadequate supervision. External Barriers: Poor collaboration between stakeholders, dependence on the software program of non-governmental organizations, and very hot weather conditions.ConclusionDiverse and complex barriers to maintenance of data quality were identified. Developing standardized health management information system implementation plans, providing advanced supervisory-level training, supportive supervision, and site-level mentorship may be very effective in identifying and resolving bottleneck data quality issues. Healthcare managers should understand the imperative of data quality and accept responsibility for its improvement and maintenance. Interventions targeted only at supplies will not fully overcome limitations to data quality. Motivation of staff and recognition of best performance can motivate others and can create cooperation among staff

Almost all working adults have at least one risk factor for non-communicable diseases: Survey of working adults in Eastern Ethiopia. S1 Dataset

Stata dataset for "Almost all working adults have at least one risk factor for non-communicable diseases: Survey of working adults in Eastern Ethiopia"

Patterns of basic pneumococcal conjugated vaccine coverage in Ethiopia from 2015 to 2018; further analysis of Ethiopian DHS (2016–2019)

Background: Geographic variation is crucial in spotting performance gaps in immunization programs, including the Pneumococcal Conjugated Vaccine (PCV). This will help speed up targeted vaccination and disease elimination programs in resource-limited countries. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the geographic variation and determinants of PCV vaccination coverage among children aged under five years old in Ethiopia. Methods: This analysis was carried out based on the 2016 and 2019 nationally representative Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). We included two surveys of 10,640 children aged 12–23 months. The spatial analysis also covered 645 and 305 clusters with geographical information for both 2016 and 2019, respectively. We explored the spatial distribution, global spatial autocorrelation, spatial interpolation, and Stats Can windows of children with PCV-3 vaccination. P-values were generated using 999 Monte Carlo simulations to identify statistically significant clusters. To understand the coverage of PCV-3 in all areas of the country, we employed the ordinary Kriging interpolation method to estimate the coverage in unsampled areas. We also used hierarchical multivariate logistic regression to identify the factors associated with the utilization of the PCV vaccine (full vaccination). Results: Except for Addis Ababa, children in all regions have lower odds of receiving all three PCV vaccines compared to the Tigray region. Residence, sex of a child, mother’s literacy status, household wealth index, and place of delivery were significant factors associated with receiving the third dose of PCV. Spatial analysis also showed the Somali and Afar regions had the lowest coverage, while the Addis Ababa and Tigray regions had higher coverage in both surveys. Conclusion: Even though the coverage of the full PCV vaccine improved from 2016 to 2019, variation was observed among regions and between rural and urban areas. The wealth index and educational status of mothers were the most important determinants of PCV vaccine utilization. Hence, the mass campaign might boost coverage in nomadic and semi-nomadic regions and rural areas. Similarly, programs that narrow the gap due to low socioeconomic differences should be formulated and implemented to increase uptake and general coverage

Serum folate deficiency and associated factors among pregnant women in Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based study

Objectives We aimed to estimate the prevalence of folate deficiency and contributing factors among pregnant women.Design A community-based, cross-sectional study.Setting Haramaya District, Eastern Ethiopia.Participants Four hundred and forty-six pregnant women participated in the study.Primary outcome measure The prevalence of folate deficiency and risk factors.Results Overall, the prevalence of folate deficiency was 49.3% (95% CI 44.6% to 54.1%). Pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia were 2.94 times more likely to develop folate deficiency (adjusted OR (AOR)=2.9, 95% CI 1.9 to 4.7). Respondents with good knowledge of folate-rich foods (AOR=0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7) and those who took iron and folic acid supplementation (AOR=0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.9) during their pregnancy were less likely to develop folate deficiency.Conclusions In this study, a considerable proportion of pregnant women had folate deficiency during their pregnancy. Therefore, it is critical that nutritional treatment, education and counselling be strengthened to facilitate iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy