EVALUATION OF IN VIVO ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY OF ROOT OF CRATAEVA MAGNA LOUR., ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of the ethanolic extract of root of Crataeva magna Lour., on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Streptozotocin (45 mg/kg) was used to induce the diabetes mellitus in rats. Afterward, the diabetic rats will be divided into four groups Group I rats served as diabetic control rats, Group II rats were induced diabetes and treated with standard drug through oral intragastric tube, Group III and Group IV were treated with ethanolic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg). Glibenclamide as reference was to evaluate the effect of the extract. Results: The administration of extract decreased the fasting blood glucose and body weight as well as increased level of total cholesterol and triglycerides which and decreased and HDL level. SGPT and SGOT level were significantly reduced in treatment group. Blood urea and creatinine were a significant difference in blood urea and creatinine. Conclusion: The extract of C.magna Lour. exhibited significant anti-diabetic activity evident from blood glucose level, body weight, serum cholesterol profile, SGOT, SGPT, serum creatinine, and serum urea level

Development and Characterization of Irbesartan Nanoparticles

INTRODUCTION:Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with a size in the range of 10-1000nm. The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a nanoparticle matrix. Depending upon the method of preparation, nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be obtained. Nanocapsules are systems in which the drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique polymer membrane, while nanospheres are matrix systems in which the drug is physically and uniformly dispersed. In recent years, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles, particularly those coated with hydrophilic polymer such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) known as long-circulating particles, have been used as potential drug delivery devices because of their ability to circulate for a prolonged period time target a particular organ, as carriers of DNA in gene therapy, and their ability to deliver proteins, peptides and genesAIM OF WORK:Development of nanoparticles are one of the emerging fields of nanotechnology with several potential application in drug delivery, clinical medicine and research as well as in other discipline. The use of nanoparticles as drug carrier system is a very attractive controlled drug release. Irbesartan is an angiotensin receptor blockers used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. It belongs to class Π drug according to biopharmaceutical classification system. The bioavailability of the valsartan after oral administration is low (60%) with higher variability. The present study was aimed at developing nanoparticle of irbesartan in order to improve the bioavailability and efficacy in treatment of hypertension. Irbesartan is a poorly water soluble drug. To increase solubility of the drug and reduce the dose frequency and improve the bioavailability the study was aimed at nanoparticle of Irbesartan. Thus the present work is to Develop and characterize a nanoparticulate drug delivery system of antihypertensive drug (Irbesartan) and also 1. To increase the solubility 2. To overcome variable systemic availability. 3. To overcome side effect. 4. To overcome the drug resistance on long term. 5. Specific site drug delivery at controlled rate. 6. Prolonged systemic circulation.PLAN AND SCOPE OF WORK:1. Preformulation studies involve observation of physical and chemical data available. The identification of raw materials and compatibility studies between drug and polymer is to be done by using Infrared spectrophotometry. 2. Preparation of Irbesatran Nanoparticles prepared by Precipitation Method. 3. Formulation of Irbesartan Nanoparticles in various ratios of drug and polymer. 4. The best formulation will be selected based on the results of following parameters. The prepared nanoparticles is to be evaluated by following chemical characteristics Drug entrapment efficiency, In vitro drug release of formulated nanoparticles. 5. Surface morphology of formulation (SEM) of the optimized formulation. 6. Zeta potential analysis of the optimized formulation. 7. Stability studies for the best formulation at different temperature. 8. Drug release kinetics.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:The present study was aimed to develop a nanoparticulate drug delivery system of antihypertensive drug irbesartan using polymer ( poly vinyl alcohol).The polymer enhances the binding of irbesartan nanoparticles in specific or targeted site with sustained release of drug increasing therapeutic efficacy. These nanoparticles may also reduce the dose frequency with desired therapeutic response. All batches of nanoparticles (F1-F10) were prepared by nano precipitation method. The entrapment efficiency of the optimized formulation F7 (drug 50mg, polyvinyl alcohol 75mg, β –cyclodextin 10 mg) was 99.38 ±0.08 and invitro drug release was 98.46% after 24 hours. It also obey the zero order, follows diffusion and erosion mechanism of release. Surface morphology of optimized formulation (F7) indicated that lrbesartan nanoparticles were found to be in average nanometer range(358.4nm) and showed ideal surface morphology. The stability test performed revealed that the formulation (F7) showed no change in its characters. The optimized formulation (F7) was also examined for zeta potential determinations. The formulation(F7) showed maximum deviation of 9.16 mV which demonstrated that the particles are separate and highly repelling property found to be more useful in decreasing opsonization and favors target specificity. The developed irbesartan nanoparticle formulation increases water solubility, reduces the dose frequency and improves the bioavailability of drug

Synthesis, Characterization & Biological Evaluation of Some Novel 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole Derivatives

Substituted oxadiazole, 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione was synthesized from salicylic acid. The titled oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized by making substitution at free N-(3H) position of 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione through mannich condensation. Substituted oxadiazole, 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione was synthesized from p-hydroxy benzoic acid. The titled oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized by making substitution at free N-(3H) position of 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thione through mannich condensation. The synthesized compounds were characterized by melting point and solubility and subjected to various analytical techniques like Thin Layer Chromatography, IR and NMR spectral studies. Synthesized compounds ODAZ 06, PDAZ 06, ODAZ 05, PDAZ 05, ODAZ 03, and PDAZ 03 compounds posses highly significant anti-convulsant activity. The synthesized compounds ODAZ 03, PDAZ 03, ODAZ 01, PDAZ 01 ODAZ 06, and PDAZ 06 possess significant anti-inflammatory activity at 90 mins. The synthesized compound ODAZ 03 possesses highly significant antinociceptive activity. The synthesized compounds Compound, ODAZ 04, PDAZ 04, ODAZ 03, PDAZ 03, ODAZ 02, PDAZ 02 posses significant anti-bacterial activity against both G(+ve) and G(-ve) organisms. The synthesized compounds Compound, ODAZ 03, PDAZ 03, ODAZ 04, PDAZ 04, ODAZ 05, PDAZ 05 posses significant anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans, Aspargillus nigar The synthesized compounds Compound, ODAZ,ODAZ 05, PDAZ 05, ODAZ 04, PDAZ 04, ODAZ 03, PDAZ 03 posses significant anthelmintic activity against pheritima posthum

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF INDOMETHACIN EXTENDED RELEASE PELLETS

Objective: The present investigation was to design pellets loaded with Indomethacin for extended release. Indomethacin is a non steroidal anti inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for reduction of pain and inflammation. To improve the bioavailability indomethacin was prepared by fluidised bed coating tablet technology. Methods: Indomethacin pellets were prepared using hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose as a polymer in different concentration. Pellets were evaluated for physico - chemical properties such as hardness, friability, thickness, weight variation, drug content uniformity and capsule lock length. In vitro drug release studies were carried out USP rotating basket type I method and the samples were analyzed at 319nm by UV spectrophotometer. Results: FT-IR studies revealed that there was no interaction betweeen drug and polymers used in the study. The drug release from F5 formulation was found to zero order kinetic model. It was also found linear in higuchi plot which confirms that diffusion is one of the mechanism of drug release. Conclusion: Among these formulations, Formulation (F5) containing Ethyl cellulose (4cps) 5mg & HPC 20 mg and extended release coating upto 7% showed optimized release pattern.The optimized formulation (F5) releases the drug upto 24hrs and fulfilled the requirements such as cost effective and high patient compliance

A SEMANTIC BASED APPROACH FOR KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY AND ACQUISITION FROM MULTIPLE WEB PAGES USING ONTOLOGIES

ABSTRAC

Characteristics of non-fatal overdoses and associated risk factors in patients attending a specialist community-based substance misuse service

INTRODUCTION: There are concerns about rising drug-related deaths and the potential contribution of prescription analgesics. There is limited understanding regarding the role of prescription analgesics in non-fatal overdoses (NFODs), nor is there a good understanding of what factors are associated with more severe overdose. OBJECTIVES: To explore risk factors and characteristics of NFODs among people attending a specialist community-based substance misuse service. METHODS: After Caldicott approval, data on NFODs, in people attending the Tayside Substance Misuse Service (TSMS), were extracted from the Scottish Ambulance Service database, along with opioid replacement therapy (ORT) prescribing data. Statistical analysis was performed using R studio and Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: 557 people (78% [434/556] male, mean age ± standard deviation 38.4 ± 7.95) had an NFOD. Repeat NFODs were more likely in males compared to females (p < .0065). Males were more likely to be administered naloxone (OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.10–3.40, p < .02). NFODs at home were more likely to be moderate to severe (categorized by Glasgow Comma Scale [p < .02, OR = 4.95, 95% CI = 1.24–24.38]). Methadone (321/557, 57.63%), benzodiazepines (281/557, 50.45%) and heroin (244/557, 43.81%) were the commonest substances: prescribed methadone overdose was more likely than buprenorphine (p < .00001). Opioids and benzodiazepines were often taken together (275/557, 49.40%), with almost all gabapentinoid NFODs also involving opioids (60/61, 98.40%). CONCLUSIONS: Polysubstance use with opioids prescribed for ORT, such as methadone, is highly likely to be implicated in NFOD, with males being at the highest risk of severe and repeat NFOD. Future work should focus on strategies to further reduce NFODs

Systemically administered central nervous system drugs induced ocular side effects: a review

Several systemic drugs have reported ocular and visual side effects that affect patient management. It is imperative to be familiar with the associated side effects which can be mild or transient and may seriously threaten vision. This article deals briefly with the mechanisms and reasons that account for the impact that systemically administered central nervous system (CNS) drugs can exert on the visual or ocular system. The eye care practitioner can be instrumental in detecting and reporting ocular side effects, advising patients and collaborating with other members of the patient’s healthcare team. One of the difficulties include becoming familiar with the countless systemic medications prescribed to patients. Another is being able to correlate a particular side effect with a suspected drug. Several of the ocular adverse effects such as glaucoma, cataract, blurred vision, color vision, optic neuritis, maculopathy, dry eye, etc., are vision threatening and often patients fail to recognize or describe the symptoms appropriately. Therefore, physicians and paramedical members like staff nurses, clinical pharmacists and other members must make adequate observations while recommending these drugs to patients