Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using Calcium Loaded on Deoiled Spent Bleaching Clay as A Solid Base Catalyst

Waste cooking oil has a high potential as a raw material in biodiesel production due to its abundant availability and cheapest among other feedstock. Hence transesterification reaction is carried out using waste cooking oil in this research. The objective of this study is to synthesize and characterize the catalyst. On the other hand, deoiled spent bleaching clay impregnated with 40% CaO utilized as a catalyst. Optimization was carried out on methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1-24:1), catalyst loading (3-10 wt.%) and reaction duration (2-10 h). The catalyst of deoiled spent bleaching clay doped with 40% CaO was prepared by wet impregnation method and calcined at 500 °C for 4 hours. The catalyst shows high activity under optimum condition of 5 hours of reaction time, 12:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio with 7 wt.% of catalyst. The transesterification yields 84.7% methyl ester. Therefore, this catalyst has potential to be used in the transesterification of waste cooking oil in producing biodiesel due to its high activity

Alkali and rare earth metals loading on deoiled-spent bleaching clay as catalysts in transesterification of waste oils

In the present work, waste source, namely deoiled spent bleaching clay (DSBC) loaded with K, Ca and La, have been successfully utilized as solid catalysts in the transesterification of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD-PO), waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) and spent bleaching clay (SBC) oil to produce methyl esters (biodiesel). The triglycerides source from waste source such as WPCO and SBC can help to reduce the production cost and do not cause food issue. But these types of feedstocks have high moisture and free fatty acid (FFA) hence; we need to find a heterogeneous catalyst to overcome this. In order to enhance the catalytic activity, the deoiled SBC had been calcined at 500 °C for 10 h and doped with KOH, CaO and La2O3 using wet impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized with TGA, FTIR, XRD, XRF, BET, FESEM, ICP and Hammett indicators (phenolphthalein, 2,4-dinitroaniline and 4-nitroaniline). In the transesterification reaction, we found out that K-DSB gives the best yield. The best reaction conditions found to be: for transesterification of RBD-PO, WPCO and SBC oil using K-DSBC was 3 wt.% catalyst amount (based on oil weight) and 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio for 2 h reaction period producing 98.9 % methyl ester yield. Meanwhile for the transesterification of WPCO and SBC oil require 3 h and 4 h reaction duration. All catalysts undergo transesterification at the reflux temperature of methanol (65 °C). Furthermore, the regenerated of the catalytic activity was investigated, and found that all the three catalysts could be reused up to five times, while maintaining methyl esters content above 80%. In addition, the catalysts exhibit tolerance towards the presence of water at 1.75% and 2.0% and FFA at 1.75% and 1.75%, respectively, with over 80% of methyl esters content

Impregnation of K+ Over Deoiled Spent Bleaching Clay (SBC) as a Catalyst in Transesterification

World energy demand expected to increase as a result of blossoming urbanisation, better living standards and rising human population. Biodiesel becomes an important alternative energy as the price and demand of fossil fuel in the global market is increasing each day. It has become obvious that biodiesel can create a generous contribution to the future energy demands as it brings less pollution to environment if compared to fossil fuels. There are many different types of potential feedstock and catalyst for biodiesel production. Compared to edible oil and non-edible vegetable oils as a feedstock, natural waste is very much considered as a biodiesel feedstock because of the huge demand for edible oils as a food source. Moreover, the uses of natural waste oils as a feedstock and catalyst from wastes are more cost effective. Therefore, production of biodiesel from natural waste is the best way to overcome all the associated problems with edible oils. In this present study, waste cooking oil (WCO) and impregnation of K + over deoiled spent bleaching clay (SBC) as a catalyst (K + impregnated DSBC) were attempted. In this study, K + impregnated DSBC was obtained from impregnation of 60 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) into deoiled SBC, dried in oven at 100 °C for 16 hours and finally calcined on furnace at 500 °C for 4 hours. The prepared catalyst is characterized by several methods such as TGA, XRD, XRF, FESEM and FTIR. Result from transesterification showed that highest methyl esters (ME) content was at 91.8 % with 5 h reaction duration at 65 ± 2 °C. Optimization of reaction revealed that 12:1 methanol to oil ratio and catalyst amount of 7 wt.% as optimal reaction conditions. Furthermore, catalyst can be reused up to 5 times while maintaining ME conversion at 70 ± 0.2 %

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using Calcium Loaded on Deoiled Spent Bleaching Clay as a Solid Base Catalyst

Waste cooking oil has a high potential as a raw material in biodiesel production due to its abundant availability and cheapest among other feedstock. Hence transesterification reaction is carried out using waste cooking oil in this research. The objective of this study is to synthesize and characterize the catalyst. On the other hand, deoiled spent bleaching clay impregnated with 40% CaO utilized as a catalyst. Optimization was carried out on methanol to oil molar ratio (6:1-24:1), catalyst loading (3-10 wt.%) and reaction duration (2-10 h). The catalyst of deoiled spent bleaching clay doped with 40% CaO was prepared by wet impregnation method and calcined at 500 °C for 4 hours. The catalyst shows high activity under optimum condition of 5 hours of reaction time, 12:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio with 7 wt.% of catalyst. The transesterification yields 84.7% methyl ester. Therefore, this catalyst has potential to be used in the transesterification of waste cooking oil in producing biodiesel due to its high activity

Utilization of Ca/Si/Fe3O4 Magnetic Composite as a Solid Catalyst in Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil

In this research, transesterification of waste cooking oil to methyl ester is being studied with the aid of Ca/Si/Fe3O4 as a solid magnetic composite catalyst. This catalyst was produced by using waste source to reduce the cost. By using heterogeneous catalyst, some environmental problem can be avoided since the catalyst can be reuse and the final product is easy to separate. As we may know, biodiesel is non-toxic, environmental friendly, high lubricity, biodegrable and renewable. In this study, waste cooking oil is used as a feedstock in producing the promising fuel, which is biodiesel. It thus could encounter many environmental issues since waste feedstock is being used. Preparation of methyl ester using waste feedstock and with the aid of Ca/Si/Fe3O4 should be properly studied since it is worth to be investigated

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using K/Si/Fe3O4 Magnetic Composite as a Solid Catalyst

Biodiesel has becoming brighter year by year (Boey et al.,2010). In this work, transesterification of waste cooking oil to methyl ester is being studied with the aid of K/Si/Fe₃O₄ as a solid magnetic composite catalyst. This catalyst was formed by using boiler ash and rice husk ash which is waste source. By using heterogeneous catalyst, some environmental problem cam be avoided since the catalyst can be reuse and the final product is easy to separate. The objective of this study is to synthesize and characterize the catalyst and to utilized K/Si/Fe₃O₄ and reaction duration. K/Si/Fe₃O₄ was prepared by impregnation method and calcined at 500° C for 2 hours and the catalyst was tested by Hammett indicator for its basicity. The catalyst was characterized by FTIR, BET, TGA, XRD and XRF

Utilization of De-Oiled Spent Bleaching Clay as a Catalyst for Transesterification of Palm Olein

The awareness o fossil oil depletion, fluctuating oil price and environmental concerns has intensified the search for an alternate fuel. Biodiesel fuel is produced catalytically by transesterification reaction here catches the researcher attention nowadays as it is a promising alternative diesel fuel (Xie and Yang, 2012). Edible oil industries produce spent bleaching clay (SBC) as their major wastes. Biodiesel is prepared via a catalytic reaction between triglycerides and alcohol. Glycerol is the by-product of the reaction. The reaction involves the breakage of the glycerol structure and exchanges of alkyl group between the alcohol and ester part of the triglycerides molecule; as such, the reaction is known as transesterification (Alba-Rubio et al., 2010). Among the three major routes, transesterification seems to be the best compared to heating and microemulsions for reducing the viscosity as well as minimizing engine complications (Feyzi et al., 2014). Other than that, the transesterification pathway, esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) with alcohols in the presence of acid catalysts also produces methyl esters or biodiesel. One of the main reasons or the conceptualization of biodiesel is the environmental pollution, specifically CO2 emission. Concerning the CO2 emission, in 2005 the EU introduced an innovative cost-effective scheme termed the ‘Emission Trading Scheme’ (ETS), a scheme that Australia, New Zealand and the United States are keen to adopt in their long-term plan for dealing with greenhouse gases (Narkhede et al., 2014). Over the years, extensive research have been carried out in transesterifying various type of oils such as palm oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, tobacco seed oil and tea seed oil using basic catalysts into biodiesel (Xie and Wang, 2013). Bleaching clay is used in palm oil refinery to remove colouring matters, soap, gums, metals (iron, nickel), oxidized compounds and polymers. Reports indicated that bleaching clay retains 20-40% of oil and importantly, the absorbed oil represents the major part of bleaching cost. In Malaysia itself, with CPO production of 17.7 million tonnes in 2008, annually 177 000 tonnes of SBC is generated, at 1% clay dosage, which translates to nearly 50 000 tonnes of adsorbed oil (at 28% oil retention). This oil-laden SBC is currently under utilized by dumping the oil-laden SBC undoubtedly creates environmental complications. As such any efforts to utilize the adsorbed waste oil reduce bleaching cost; add value to SBC as well as environmental gain. The other advantage of using SBC oil. In additional to that, the deoiled clay can be reused. In short, utilizing SBC for biodiesel production has many merits (Boey et al., 2011). In this work, an environmental friendly transesterification reaction using de-oiled spent bleaching clay (D-SBC) loaded with KOH is being developed. The catalyst loaded with 40% KOH on D-SBC using wet impregnation method followed by calcinations at 600°C for 4 hours was seems to give highest basicity and the best catalytic activity for transesterification. The catalyst was undergoing characterization by means of FTIR, XRD, BET, XRF, FE-SEM and Hammet indicator test. FESEM image of the catalyst is clearly shown in Figure 1. The effect of reaction parameters was then studied such as methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time and catalyst amount. The reaction conversion of 8.57% was achieved under the optimum condition. Utilization of D-SBC as an eco-friendly and cheap solid support is a promising. Therefore, progress should be made on doping more other metals on D-SBC for transesterification of oil with methano