53 research outputs found
World markets for conventional and advanced biofuels over the next five years
Production of transport biofuels grew by just 2% in 2017. To achieve the 2030 SDS target, use of biofuels needs to triple, driven
by cost reductions of advanced biofuels, widespread sustainability governance and more adoption in aviation and marine
transport. This presentation provides an overview of the market prospects for conventional biofuels over the next five years.
It would analyse the current status of deployment and costs for novel advanced biofuels. It would also draw comparisons with
electric cars, the extent of their renewable electricity utilisation and decarbonisation potential. It would include the contribution
of renewables to road transport demand over the next 5 years and focus on the main biofuels available to decarbonise road freight,
now and in the long term. Finally, it will present a case study from India, focusing on ethanol-based chemicals
Waste Heat Recovery in Food and Drinks Industry (Abstract only)
Most baking processes in the food manufacturing sector involve use of gas-fired ovens. Only about one-third of the total
energy used in these ovens adds value to the final product. The remaining two-thirds is discharged with the exhaust gases
at 150-250o
C and thus represents an opportunity for heat recovery. However, the low temperature range, fouling and presence of
corrosive materials in the exhaust streams make heat recovery technically challenging and uneconomical. The existing low grade heat
recovery technolgies mostly use gas to liquid heat transfer to produce hot water for use in other areas of the manufacturing plant.
The performance of these systems is governed by hot water demand in the factory and is therefore not recommended if there are
frequent fluctuations in demand or if a more efficient technology, such as combined heat and power, is already in place. This study
involves design, manufacturing and testing of a novel low-temperature gas to gas heat recovery system using an array of heat pipe heat
exchangers, for industrial-scale baking ovens at a large confectionary manufacturing plant. Unlike gas to liquid heat transfer, a gas to
gas heat transfer system provides direct savings in oven fuel consumption, independent of the hot water and other energy demands
elsewhere in the plant. The heat recovery potential of the system is estimated using a thermodynamic model developed based on
energy and mass balance for the ovens. The design enables recovery of up to 50% of the energy available through the exhaust stack,
increasing the energy efficiency of the overall process to 60% and reducing food manufacturing costs by one third
Review of Waste Heat Utilisation from Data Centres
Rapidly increasing global internet traffic, mobile internet users and the number of Internet of
Things (IoT) connections are driving exponential growth in demand for data centre and
network services, which in turn is driving their electricity demand. Data centres now account
for 3% of global electricity consumption and contribute to 4% of the global greenhouse gas
emissions. This study discusses the potential of reusing the waste heat from data centres. An
overview of imbedding heat recovery systems into data centres is presented. The implications
of economic cost and energy efficient heat recovery systems in data centre buildings are also
discussed. The main problems with implementing heat recovery systems in existing data
centre designs are (i) high capital costs of investment and (ii) low temperatures of the waste
heat. This study suggests alternatives that could allow data centre operators to utilise waste
heat with more efficiencies. It also discusses how liquid-cooled data centres can be more
efficient in utilising their waste heat than the air-cooled ones. One possible solution suggested
here is that data centre operators can decrease their environmental impact by exporting waste
heat to the external heat networks. The barriers in connecting datacentres to heat networks are
discussed and suggestions to overcome those barriers have been provided
Tubing specifications selection and its effect on the results of hydraulic fracturing treatment in oil formations
Equipment specification, data collection and design
process are critical factors for any hydraulic fracturing
treatment success. This paper investigates tubing
specifications selection and its effect on the results of
hydraulic fracturing treatment in oil formations.
Simulations were carried out on well E-45 owned by
National Oil Corporation (NOC) of Libya using two
main tools - Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit
(PDAT) and Halliburton proprietary software package
(FracPro) for analysing Mini-Frac pumping data. The
initial modelling results using 3.5 inch tubing were
compared with the experimental results obtained from
the actual hydraulic fracturing tests carried out at the E45 by Halliburton as a sub-contractor for NOC. The
simulation results showed good agreement with the
experiments, validating the model.
The model was then extended to explore alternate tubing
diameters. This was implemented by introducing the
relationship between the tub friction pressures and
pumping rate (Friction Pressure vs. Pumping Rate) with
the mentioned tube sizes. The results showed that in
high stress rock formations, it is worthwhile to minimise
the pipe friction by using higher tubing grade (4.5
inches) and burst pressure. A bigger tubing inner
diameter can increase the allowable surface pumping
rate and pressure
Modeling on-grate MSW incineration with experimental validation in a batch incinerator
This Article presents a 2-D steady-state model developed for simulating on-grate municipal solid waste incineration, termed GARBED-ss. Gas-solid reactions, gas flow through the porous waste particle bed, conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer, drying and pyrolysis of the feed, the emission of volatile species, combustion of the pyrolysis gases, the formation and oxidation of char and its gasification by water vapor and carbon dioxide, and the consequent reduction of the bed volume are described in the bed model. The kinetics of the pyrolysis of cellulosic and noncellulosic materials were experimentally derived from experimental measurements. The simulation results provide a deep insight into the various phenomena involved in incineration, for example, the complete consumption of oxygen in a large zone of the bed and a consequent char-gasification zone. The model was successfully validated against experimental measurements in a laboratory batch reactor, using an adapted sister version in a transient regime. © 2010 American Chemical Society
Techno-economic feasibility of a hybrid power generation system for developing economies
This work investigates the feasibility of hybrid power generation system using multiple energy sources to fulfil the electrical demand of a residential community. The system performance is evaluated against the capital investment, Cost of Electricity (COE), CO2 emissions and Net Present Cost. Results indicate that the hybrid system reduces the COE by 47% compared to grid price and has a negative CO2 emissions of 24,603 kg/yr due to supplying its surplus energy to the grid. Renewable sources contribute to 80.1% of the overall power produced by the hybrid system. The study finds that the hybrid systems could replace complete dependency on grids
Review of Waste to Energy Projects in Developing Countries
Waste to Energy (WTE) projects have been running successfully in many countries but have
produced only mixed results in developing and have often been plagued with controversies.
This is due to various technical, financial, environmental, political and social factors involved.
Hallam Energy at Sheffield Hallam University was commissioned by the Government of
India, to conduct a detailed independent investigation into the techno-economic feasibility of
such a WTE project in Delhi. The goals of this study were (i) to make an informed decision
on whether the proposed WTE facility for Delhi will be technically and financially viable, and
(ii) to gain a reasonable understanding of the costs and resources involved in this investment.
This work looks at the various challenges associated in setting up WTE plants in developing
countries and address key findings including: 1. The capacity of the plant, 2. The capital cost,
3. The electrical power output, 4. Land area requirement, 5. Site selection for the plant, 6. The
choice of processes and pre-processing of the feed, 7. Feasibility of trigeneration or CHP, 8.
Choice of technologies and equipment, 9. Financial models, 10. Emissions of pollutants, 11.
Lessons learnt from past WTE projects in India
Challenges in establishing waste-to-energy projects in developing countries with a case study from India
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management and its scientific disposal is a
major concern for the local municipal authorities of all major Indian cities. Under the
"Clean India Mission", the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) of India is investing US
$9 Billion to clean up 75 largest cities in India. Waste to Energy (WTE) plants will be a key
to its implementation. Currently, open air burning and landfilling are the most common
practices of wase disposal in India. Landfilling is considered the least favourable option
for cities as these sites occupy significant land areas in already crowded urban areas.
WTE plants or incinerators are considered the most viable solution for safe disposal of
MSW all over the world. In India, however, WTE projects have had mixed results and
outright failures. Currently, only eight such plants are operational in the country. This is
due to several technical, economic, environmental, social and policy factors involved. This
study investigates the feasibility of a proposed state-of-the art WTE plant in Delhi which
will set an example for other cities to follow. It reviews the various challenges involved in
the implementation of such a project and suggests mitigating solutions to overcome these
challenges
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