Changing trends in eclampsia and increasing cesarean delivery – an interesting retrospective study from a tertiary care hospital of Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Background: Despite all advances in obstetrical care eclampsia remains a puzzle and it still kills. Due to good antenatal and peripartum care, developed countries have a minimum incidence, while such changes have not occurred in developing countries especially in peripheral areas. So the incidence remains high in developing countries like India. Fetomaternal outcome in eclampsia depends on nature of convulsion quality and speed of care. Obstetrical management with the objective “Sooner the delivery betters the prognosis” has been shown to play great role in improving fetomaternal outcome.Methods: It’s a retrospective observational study done among all admitted eclamptic women over the period of 10 years from Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College & Dr B. R. A. M. Hospital Raipur (CG), by reviewing maternal death register, admission register and antenatal record of women.Results: A total of 1153 eclamptic women were admitted over 10 year study period. The incidence of eclampsia was 1.935 %. Out of total 298 Maternal deaths 131 were due to eclampsia (43.95%). Most of the patients belonged to age 20-30 years, were with low parity and presented most commonly after 34 weeks of gestation with antepartum eclampsia. There was an increasing trend of DIC and HELLP related maternal morbidity and mortality. DIC was the most dreadful complication with the case fatality ratio of 50%. The no of convulsion was associated with increased operative interference. We observed a better perinatal salvage by LSCS (72.91%).There was an increasing trend of maternal death due to eclampsia over the 10 year study period. Increasing trend of cesarean delivery in eclamptic women was also observed from 37.09% in 2005 to 83.55% in 2014. Better perinatal outcome was seen with lesser convulsion to delivery interval.Conclusions: Contrary to various studies hypertensive disorder to be the fourth most common cause of maternal death in developing countries, eclampsia came out to be the leading cause of maternal mortality in our study. Better antenatal and peripartum care can reduce its occurrence and related morbidity and mortality. Optimum outcome can be achieved by the speed with which the peripartum care is given. Cesarean delivery is preferable if vaginal delivery is not anticipated within 8 hrs as it gives better fetomaternal outcome

AN OVERVIEW OF FOURIER TRANSFORM ON IMAGE PROCESSING

The recognition of an images are important in the digital image processing. In this paper we introduce the definition of Fourier Transform and it's properties through which the solution of the problem will be easier than expected and also describe that what is the roll of Fourier transform in image recognition

EFFECT OF FORMALIN VAPOURS ON PULMONARY FUNCTIONS OF MEDICAL STUDENTS IN ANATOMY DISSECTION HALL OVER A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR

Abstract : Formalin is extensively used for preservation of cadavers in department of Anatomy. However it is a noxious chemical which vaporises at normal room temperature in the air and may cause respiratory health problems among first year medical students. The study was planned to observe the effect of formalin vapours on lung function tests of first year medical students who are exposed routinely for 2 hrs every day for 6 days per week throughout the year. Following written informed consent clinically healthy 100 medical students between age group 18-23 yrs were subjected to pulmonary function testing by computerised spirometery. The dynamic lung function tests (FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, , PEFR) were measured on four occasions-basal (before exposure), 1 month, 6 months, 11 months of exposure to formalin vapours in anatomy dissection hall. The study revealed statistically significant (P<0.0001) decreases in FVC, FEV1%, FEF , PEFR except FEV1 after 1 month of exposure to anatomy dissection hall. The decrease in all the parameters slowly reverted back towards normal basal values across 6 and 11 months and was statistically significant in all (P<0.0001) except FVC. Acute exposure to formalin vapours at anatomy dissection hall decreases the respiratory functions, however on long term exposure the body corrects the damage. Further studies are required to see the changes at cellular levels and the extent of damage to respiratory system. Key words : formalin pulmonary functions anatomy dissection hall Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 57(3) : 255-26

Changing trends in eclampsia and increasing cesarean delivery - an interesting retrospective study from a tertiary care hospital of Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Background: Despite all advances in obstetrical care eclampsia remains a puzzle and it still kills. Due to good antenatal and peripartum care, developed countries have a minimum incidence, while such changes have not occurred in developing countries especially in peripheral areas. So the incidence remains high in developing countries like India. Fetomaternal outcome in eclampsia depends on nature of convulsion quality and speed of care. Obstetrical management with the objective “Sooner the delivery betters the prognosis” has been shown to play great role in improving fetomaternal outcome.Methods: It’s a retrospective observational study done among all admitted eclamptic women over the period of 10 years from Jan 2005 to Dec 2014 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru Memorial Medical College & Dr B. R. A. M. Hospital Raipur (CG), by reviewing maternal death register, admission register and antenatal record of women.Results: A total of 1153 eclamptic women were admitted over 10 year study period. The incidence of eclampsia was 1.935 %. Out of total 298 Maternal deaths 131 were due to eclampsia (43.95%). Most of the patients belonged to age 20-30 years, were with low parity and presented most commonly after 34 weeks of gestation with antepartum eclampsia. There was an increasing trend of DIC and HELLP related maternal morbidity and mortality. DIC was the most dreadful complication with the case fatality ratio of 50%. The no of convulsion was associated with increased operative interference. We observed a better perinatal salvage by LSCS (72.91%).There was an increasing trend of maternal death due to eclampsia over the 10 year study period. Increasing trend of cesarean delivery in eclamptic women was also observed from 37.09% in 2005 to 83.55% in 2014. Better perinatal outcome was seen with lesser convulsion to delivery interval.Conclusions: Contrary to various studies hypertensive disorder to be the fourth most common cause of maternal death in developing countries, eclampsia came out to be the leading cause of maternal mortality in our study. Better antenatal and peripartum care can reduce its occurrence and related morbidity and mortality. Optimum outcome can be achieved by the speed with which the peripartum care is given. Cesarean delivery is preferable if vaginal delivery is not anticipated within 8 hrs as it gives better fetomaternal outcome

Qualitative Analyses of Exit Survey Responses of Undergraduate Students for Retention purposes

Exit survey responses from students were analyzed qualitatively in order to categorize student withdrawal reasons for determining appropriate retention initiatives. The responses to the survey were analyzed in two phases. In the first phase, comments on the student survey were categorized and analyzed manually and compared among the two researchers. In the second iterative phase of analysis, the software NVIVO was used to further examine the content and language of comments. In this phase, word trees were generated from the nodes already established through the first phase. These word trees were then scrutinized to consider additional text associated with them. The generation of word trees were instrumental in visualizing associated contexts, concepts and motives of student withdrawal and departure. To further compare and reconcile categories of variables e.g. personal, social, academic, and so on, perspectives of student administrators were also gathered. This comprehensive process helped establish categories of withdrawal reasons taking into account multiple perspectives obtained through extensive qualitative analysis