Flow responses alteration by geometrical effects of tubercles on plates under the maximal angle of attack

Plates with leading-edge tubercles experience beneficially more gradual aerodynamics stalling when entering the poststall regime. Little is known, however, about the corresponding aquatic flow responses when these tubercles-furnished plates are subjected to the maximal angle of attack, with the flow direction perpendicular to their planar area. Hence, this study presents numerically, by means of the flow behavior solver ANSYS, the flow responses alteration in terms of the geometrical effects of tubercles on plates through changes in amplitudes (5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm) and wavelengths (50 mm, 100 mm, 150 mm) under the maximal angle of attack in comparison to a control case, i.e., without tubercles. Additional to the commonly examined flow velocity and pressure, characteristics such as wake (area, reattachment length, flow recirculation intensity) and newly defined downstream vortical parameters (area, perimeter, and Feret diameters) for the vortex region have been proposed and assessed. It is found that the drag increases with the tubercle wavelength but corresponds inversely with the tubercle amplitude. By correlating with the best beneficial velocity and pressure profiles, it has been characterized that the optimally performing plate is the one that generates the greatest flow recirculation intensity, wake area, and reattachment length, corresponding to the capability to produce also the highest vortical area, perimeter, and major Feret diameter. Compared to the control case, all plates with tubercles alter beneficially these flow behaviors. In conclusion, plates with tubercles contribute favorably to the flow behaviors under the maximal angle of attack compared to the control case while the newly proposed downstream parameters could serve capably as alternatives in corroborating the flow physics description in future studies

Three-Dimensional Human iPSC-Derived Artificial Skeletal Muscles Model Muscular Dystrophies and Enable Multilineage Tissue Engineering

Generating human skeletal muscle models is instrumental for investigating muscle pathology and therapy. Here, we report the generation of three-dimensional (3D) artificial skeletal muscle tissue from human pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients with Duchenne, limb-girdle, and congenital muscular dystrophies. 3D skeletal myogenic differentiation of pluripotent cells was induced within hydrogels under tension to provide myofiber alignment. Artificial muscles recapitulated characteristics of human skeletal muscle tissue and could be implanted into immunodeficient mice. Pathological cellular hallmarks of incurable forms of severe muscular dystrophy could be modeled with high fidelity using this 3D platform. Finally, we show generation of fully human iPSC-derived, complex, multilineage muscle models containing key isogenic cellular constituents of skeletal muscle, including vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, and motor neurons. These results lay the foundation for a human skeletal muscle organoid-like platform for disease modeling, regenerative medicine, and therapy development

Spontaneous haemorrhage of an adrenal angiomyolipoma: case report

Background Angiomyolipomas are rare mesenchymal tumours arising from the perivascular epithelioid cells consisting of variable amounts of adipose, thick-walled blood vessels and smooth muscle cells. These benign tumours commonly occur in the kidney with only a few case reports of adrenal angiomyolipomas which have the potential to reach a large size and haemorrhage. Case presentation A 45-year-old lady presented with a 3-week history of right loin pain, nausea and vomiting. A CT scan revealed a right adrenal angiomyolipoma measuring 6.3 × 6.8 cm with associated haemorrhage. The lesion was successfully treated with right open adrenalectomy, and histology confirmed the diagnosis of adrenal angiomyolipoma. The patient remained well with no evidence of recurrence at the 36-month follow-up. Conclusion Adrenal angiomyolipomas are rare benign tumours that have the ability to reach a large size and potential to bleed. Here, we report the second case of spontaneous haemorrhage in an adrenal angiomyolipoma, which was successfully treated with open adrenalectomy

Do Twin Boundaries Always Strengthen Metal Nanowires?

It has been widely reported that twin boundaries strengthen nanowires regardless of their morphology—that is, the strength of nanowires goes up as twin spacing goes down. This article shows that twin boundaries do not always strengthen nanowires. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, the authors show that whether twin boundaries strengthen nanowires depends on the necessary stress for dislocation nucleation, which in turn depends on surface morphologies. When nanowires are circular cylindrical, the necessary stress of dislocation nucleation is high and the presence of twin boundaries lowers this stress; twin boundaries soften nanowires. In contrast, when nanowires are square cylindrical, the necessary stress of dislocation nucleation is low, and a higher stress is required for dislocations to penetrate twin boundaries; they strengthen nanowires

Combination Therapy Using Chimeric Monoclonal Antibodies Protects Mice from Lethal H5N1 Infection and Prevents Formation of Escape Mutants

10.1371/journal.pone.0005672PLoS ONE4