Electroweak phase transition in the presence of hypermagnetic field and the generation of gravitational waves

We investigate the effects of a large-scale background hypermagnetic field on the electroweak phase transition. We propose an effective weak angle which varies during the electroweak phase transition and upon its use, show that for a strong enough hypermagnetic field the phase transition occurs in two steps and becomes first-order. We obtain all of the important quantities characterizing the details of the phase transition, including the latent heat, transition temperature and duration. We then explore one of the consequences of this model which is the generation of gravitational waves. We calculate the gravitational wave energy spectrum generated during the first-order electroweak phase transition and find that, for strong enough background hypermagnetic fields, these signals can be detected by the Ultimate-DECIGO interferometer.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures; v3: more discussions adde

Vertical velocities from proper motions of red clump giants

We derive the vertical velocities of disk stars in the range of Galactocentric radii of R=5-16 kpc within 2 kpc in height from the Galactic plane. This kinematic information is connected to dynamical aspects in the formation and evolution of the Milky Way, such as the passage of satellites and vertical resonance and determines whether the warp is a long-lived or a transient feature. We used the proper motions of the PPMXL survey, correcting of systematic errors with the reference of quasars. From the color-magnitude diagram K versus (J-K) we selected the standard candles corresponding to red clump giants and used the information of their proper motions to build a map of the vertical motions of our Galaxy. We derived the kinematics of the warp both analytically and through a particle simulation to fit these data. Complementarily, we also carried out the same analysis with red clump giants spectroscopically selected with APOGEE data, and we predict the improvements in accuracy that will be reached with future Gaia data. A simple model of warp with the height of the disk z_w(R,phi)=gamma (R-R_sun) sin(phi-phi_w) fits the vertical motions if d(gamma)/dt/gamma=-34+/-17 Gyr^{-1}; the contribution to d(gamma)/dt comes from the southern warp and is negligible in the north. The vertical motion in the warp apparently indicates that the main S-shaped structure of the warp is a long-lived feature, whereas the perturbation that produces an irregularity in the southern part is most likely a transient phenomenon. With the use of the Gaia end-of-mission products together with spectroscopically classified red clump giants, the precision in vertical motions can be increased by an order of magnitude at least.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1402.355

The Experiences of Family Members of Non-Organ Donors on the Crisis Rising From Patients' Brain Death

Background: Brain death crisis as an overwhelming situation can create a critical state for families in which they are unable to make logical decisions for their patients with brain death. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the experiences of family members of patients with brain death, who did not donate their patients’ organs. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted on nine non-donor family members of patients with brain death, selected using the purposeful sampling method. To collect data, deep unstructured interviews were held to reach data saturation. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed utilizing the phenomenology approach based on the seven-step Colaizzi’s method. Results: The participants of this study explained their situation as ‘an overwhelming situation in families due to patients’ brain death’. Also, the data analysis led to the development of four main themes as follow: ‘overwhelming situation’, ‘perplexity factors’, ‘the sling loops of defect in consent for organ donation’, and ‘compatibility’. Conclusions: The overwhelming effects of the patients’ brain death on the family members and the crisis rising from it influenced the decisions made by family members for organ donation. Therefore, some measures should be taken to cultivate appropriate adaptive behaviors among family members for relieving their sorrow and pain. Moreover, healthcare team members should be informed of the crisis raised from patient’s brain death and help family members make logical decisions with regards to organ donation

THE COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF AZT CONFORMERS AND ITS ANALOGUE CS-87 USING DENSITY FUNCTIONAL THEORY CALCULATIONS: A STUDY OF ANTI-AIDS

The compounds 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (CS-87) are active inhibitors of HIV-1 replication, the causative agents of AIDS. We report Abinitio, DFT results of two AZT conformers; A-AZT and CS-87 by different basis sets and on structural and electronic properties. It is shown that A-AZT and CS-87 are similar in structure and properties. The B-AZT conformer is different from them interestingly and it is predicted that B-AZT is to be the active form of AZT. KEY WORDS: 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), 3'-Azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (CS-87), Inhibitors of HIV-1 replication, Causative agents of AIDS, AZT conformers, Abinitio, Density functional theory Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2006, 20(1), 133-142

Hubble inflation in Randall-Sundrum type II model

We study a braneworld Randall–Sundrum type II (RSII) model using the Hamilton–Jacobi formalism. We extend the standard inflationary parameters and the flow equations for this braneworld scenario. We investigate the conditions that reduce the infinite number of flow equations into a finite number and confirm that by considering one of the inflationary parameters that vanishes, the Hubble expansion rate gets a polynomial form in both General Relativity (GR) and in the high-energy regime of RSII. We also show that if one sets this inflationary parameter to a constant value, the model features a nonpolynomial form of the Hubble expansion rate. The form of the Hubble parameter in this case is different in GR and RSII. Next, we consider a single-scalar field model with a Hubble expansion rate behaving as H∝ϕn and show that compared to GR, the RSII model has a smaller tensor-to-scalar ratio and larger spectral index for n>1. Therefore, RSII model leads to better predictions than GR

Measurement of the photon and thermal neutron doses of contralateral breast surface in breast cancer radiotherapy

Introduction and purpose:During the radiation therapy of tumoral breast, the contralateral breast (CB) will receive scattered doses. In the present study, the photon and thermal neutron dose values received by CB surface during breast cancer radiation therapy were measured.Materials and methods:The right breast region of RANDO phantom was considered as CB, and the measurements of photon and thermal neutron dose values were carried out on this region surface. The phantom was irradiated with 18 MV photon beams, and the dose values were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD-600 and TLD-700) chips for 11 � 13, 11 � 17 and 11 � 21 cm2 field sizes in the presence of physical and dynamic wedges.Results:The total dose values (photon + thermal neutron) received by the CB surface in the presence of physical wedge were 12·06, 15·75 and 33·40 of the prescribed dose, respectively, for 11 � 13, 11 � 17 and 11 � 21 cm2 field sizes. The corresponding dose values for dynamic wedge were 9·18, 12·92 and 29·26 of the prescribed dose, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that treatment field size and wedge type affect the received photon and thermal neutron doses at CB surface.Conclusion:According to our results, the total dose values received at CB surface during breast cancer radiotherapy with high-energy photon beams are remarkable. In addition, the dose values received at CB surface when using a physical wedge were greater than when using a dynamic wedge, especially for medial tangential fields. © Cambridge University Press 2019

Scintigraphy with 99mTc(V)-DMSA in monitoring patients with inflammatory bowel disease

The clinical significance of pentavalent technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (99mTc(V)-DMSA) scintigraphy in diagnosing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this prospective paper was to study the above. This study included 54 patients, 22 females and 32 males (mean age: 36.68±11.49; range: 18-63 years) with IBD who came to our clinics for follow-up and were examined clinically by colonoscopy and 99mTc(V)-DMSA scintigraphy. On the follow-up studies, five patients (9.25%) relapsed, and 49 (90.74%) remained at a steady condition. There was a good correlation between the scintigraphic results and the clinical and colonoscopy data of the patients (P<0.05). In conclusion, our results indicated that 99mTc(V)DMSA scintigraphy can be complementary to colonoscopy for the diagnostic evaluation of IBD

Electroweak baryogenesis via chiral gravitational waves

We propose a new mechanism for electroweak baryogenesis based on gravitational waves generated by helical magnetic fields that are present during a first order electroweak phase transition. We generate a net lepton number through the gravitational chiral anomaly which appears due to the chiral gravitational waves produced by these magnetic fields. The observed value of baryon asymmetry can be obtained in our mechanism within parameter space of scenarios with an inverse cascade evolution for magnetic fields which can also be candidates for large-scale magnetic fields.Comment: 10 pages, Published versio